Herodotus, Histories: a Standard history source. Covers 631 BC – 479 BC, with 150 events in chronological order. Text license and provenance included.
| Type | Standard history |
|---|---|
| Viewpoint | Insider account |
| Years covered | 631 BC – 479 BC |
| Events | 150 events, 141 placed on the map |
| Author | Herodotus |
| Original title | Ἡροδότου Ἱστορίαι |
Regions: Southern Europe 92 · West Asia 49 · Egypt & North Africa 6 · Eastern Europe & Russia 1 · Western Europe 1
| Year | Place | Event | Passage |
|---|---|---|---|
| 631 BC | Cyrene | The Therans, following the Delphic oracle, send Battus to Libya, and he founds Cyrene Tradition | 4.156-158 |
| 623 BC – 612 BC | Miletus | Lydia invades Miletus and wages war for eleven years, trampling the fields every year (six years under Sadyattes, the rest under Alyattes) Tradition | 1.17-18 |
| 617 BC – 601 BC | Aegyptus (Roman imperial province) | Necho digs a canal toward the Red Sea, abandons the work, and builds warships for both the Mediterranean and the Red Sea | 2.158-159 |
| 612 BC | Miletus | In the twelfth year, Lydian troops burn the grain; the fire spreads and burns the temple of Athena at Miletus Tradition | 1.19 |
| 585 BC | In the sixth year of war between Lydia and Media, in the middle of battle daytime turned to night | 1.74 | |
| 570 BC | Momemphis | Apries leads an army against the Egyptians but is defeated by Amasis' side and taken to Sais | 2.161-163 |
| 560 BC – 547 BC | Ephesus/Arsinoe(ia) | On his accession at age 35, Croesus first attacks Ephesus, then conquers all the Asian Greeks on the mainland and makes them pay tribute Tradition | 1.26-27 |
| 560 BC – 550 BC | Tegea | Following the Delphic oracle, Sparta attacks Tegea; at first it always loses, but later it prevails in every battle Tradition | 1.66-68 |
| 559 BC | Persis/Pars | Cyrus turns the Persians against Media; they fight, Astyages is defeated, and from then on Cyrus and Persia rule Asia Tradition | 1.123-130 |
| 550 BC – 547 BC | Delphi | Croesus tests several oracles, including Delphi; he receives the reply that if he sends an army against Persia he will destroy a great empire Tradition | 1.46-54 |
| 550 BC – 547 BC | Sparta | Croesus sends gifts to Sparta and asks for an alliance; Sparta accepts Tradition | 1.69-70 |
| 547 BC | Cappadocia (region) | Croesus misreads the oracle and invades Cappadocia, because Cyrus had conquered Astyages and subjected him Tradition | 1.71-73 |
| 547 BC | Halys (river) | Croesus reaches the Halys River and crosses with his army (the story of Thales is told) Tradition | 1.75 |
| 547 BC | Kerkenes/Pteria? | Croesus enslaves the people of Pteria and seizes the surrounding area; he fights Cyrus, but when Cyrus does not attack again the next day, he withdraws to Sardis Tradition | 1.76-77 |
| 547 BC | Sardis/Hyde? | Croesus returns to Sardis and disbands his mercenaries Tradition | 1.77-78 |
| 546 BC | Pallene | Pisistratus defeats the Athenian citizens and scatters them, seizing sole power; he conquers Naxos and installs Lygdamis there | 1.62-64 |
| 546 BC | Sardis/Hyde? | Cyrus marches into Lydia; fearing the Lydian cavalry, he follows Harpagus' advice and places camels at the front Tradition | 1.79-80 |
| 546 BC | Sardis/Hyde? | Cyrus besieges Sardis; after fourteen days he climbs up an unguarded corner of the acropolis and takes the city Tradition | 1.81-84 |
| 546 BC | Sardis/Hyde? | Croesus reigned for fourteen years; after a fourteen-day siege he brought down his great empire, as the oracle had foretold Tradition | 1.86 |
| 545 BC – 540 BC | Miletus | Unlike the other Ionian cities, Cyrus makes a treaty only with Miletus, on the same terms as Lydia Tradition | 1.141-143 |
| 545 BC – 540 BC | Sardis/Hyde? | As soon as Cyrus leaves, Pactyes leads the Lydians in revolt against Tabalus and besieges the acropolis of Sardis Tradition | 1.153-154 |
| 545 BC – 540 BC | Cyme | Pactyes flees to Cyme; since the oracle says to hand him over, the cities agree to do so (the Chians hand Pactyes over) Tradition | 1.157-160 |
| 545 BC – 540 BC | Phocaea | Harpagus besieges Phocaea and demands that part of its walls be torn down; the Phocaeans flee by ship with their families Tradition | 1.163-164 |
| 545 BC – 540 BC | Corsica/Kyrnos (island) | The Phocaeans live five years at Cyrnus and plunder their neighbors; Carthaginians and Tyrrhenians unite to defeat them, and some flee to Rhegium Tradition | 1.165-167 |
| 545 BC – 540 BC | Abdera | Harpagus builds a mound around the walls and takes Teos; the Teians leave by ship and found Abdera Tradition | 1.168 |
| 545 BC – 540 BC | Caria (region) | Having subdued Ionia, Harpagus invades Caria, Caunus, and Lycia and subjects them | 1.169-171 |
| 539 BC | Babylon | Cyrus marches on Babylon and takes the city by draining the lake and river through canals | 1.188-191 |
| 530 BC | Cyrus builds a bridge over the Araxes to attack the Massagetae and crosses it (the location is disputed among scholars) Tradition | 1.205-208 | |
| 530 BC | The battle with the Massagetae was the fiercest among non-Greek peoples, and Cyrus was killed Tradition | 1.214 | |
| 525 BC | Memphis | Cambyses invades Egypt and defeats the Egyptians; he pursues the fleeing army and besieges and takes Memphis | 3.10-14 |
| 525 BC | Samos (island) | The Spartan army besieges Samos for forty days, achieves nothing, and withdraws Tradition | 3.54-56 |
| 524 BC – 523 BC | Cambyses marches unprepared toward Ethiopia and fails Tradition | 3.25-26 | |
| 523 BC | Susa/Seleucia ad Eulaeum | Cambyses sends Prexaspes to Susa to have his brother Smerdis killed | 3.30 |
| 522 BC | The Magus Smerdis impersonates his brother and revolts; Cambyses dies, realizing the killing was in vain | 3.61-67 | |
| 522 BC | Seven Persians attack the Magi, kill them and cut off their heads, and also kill the other Magi | 3.76-79 | |
| 522 BC – 520 BC | Magnesia ad Maeandrum | Oroetes lures Polycrates, tyrant of Samos, and has him crucified Tradition | 3.120-125 |
| 517 BC | Samos (island) | Darius sends Otanes to conquer Samos and massacres many of its inhabitants Tradition | 3.139-147 |
| 517 BC – 515 BC | Babylon | While the fleet is at Samos, Babylon revolts; Darius leads the whole army and besieges it (the Zopyrus episode in the twentieth month) | 3.150-153 |
| 515 BC | Babylon | Babylon falls for the second time | 3.158-159 |
| 513 BC | Susa/Seleucia ad Eulaeum | Darius sets out from Susa to prepare a campaign against the Scythians and has a bridge built across the Bosporus Tradition | 4.83-85 |
| 513 BC | Bosphorus | Darius crosses into Europe on the pontoon bridge over the Bosporus (built by the architect Mandrocles) Tradition | 4.85-88 |
| 513 BC | Darius subjects the Getae of Thrace; they resist at first but soon are enslaved Tradition | 4.93 | |
| 513 BC | Histria | Darius reaches the Ister (Danube), has the Ionians guard the bridge, and crosses his army Tradition | 4.97-98 |
| 513 BC | Scythia | The Scythians avoid a pitched battle and retreat, drawing the Persian army on; they burn the city of the Budini Tradition | 4.120-127 |
| 513 BC | Histria | The Scythians demand that the Ionians dismantle the bridge, but following Histiaeus' advice they guard it and repair it, so Darius' army crosses Tradition | 4.133-141 |
| 513 BC | Sestos | Darius crosses Thrace and sails from Sestos to Asia, leaving Megabazus as governor of Europe Tradition | 4.143 |
| 513 BC – 512 BC | Barke | The Persian army besieges Barca for nine months, breaks its treaty, takes the city, and enslaves its inhabitants Tradition | 4.200-203 |
| 513 BC | Athenae | Hipparchus is killed by Aristogeiton and Harmodius | 5.55-56 |
| 512 BC | Perinthus/Heraclea | Megabazus attacks Perinthus and wins, then subjects Thrace on his march Tradition | 5.1-2 |
| 512 BC | Myrkinos | Darius rewards Histiaeus with Myrcinus Tradition | 5.11 |
| 512 BC | Paionia | Megabazus captures the Paeonians and resettles them in Asia Tradition | 5.12-17 |
| 512 BC – 510 BC | Sicilia (island) | Dorieus leads a colony to Sicily, and is wiped out in battle Tradition | 5.42-46 |
| 511 BC | Lemnos (island) | Otanes captures Byzantium and Chalcedon, conquers Lemnos and Imbros; the Lemnians fight bravely but in the end submit Tradition | 5.26-27 |
| 510 BC | Athenae | The Alcmaeonids bribe the Delphic oracle so that Sparta liberates Athens; Sparta sends Anchimolius, son of Aster, with an army to expel the Pisistratids Tradition | 5.62-63 |
| 510 BC | Athenae | Sparta sends King Cleomenes overland with a larger army; he defeats the Thessalian cavalry, enters Athens, and besieges Hippias' faction inside the Pelasgian wall; when Hippias' children are captured, Hippias agrees to leave Attica within five days | 5.64-65 |
| 508 BC | Athenae | Athens, freed of its tyrants, becomes far stronger than before | 5.66 |
| 508 BC | Athenae | Isagoras summons Cleomenes, who takes the Acropolis; the Athenians besiege them for two days Tradition | 5.70-72 |
| 506 BC | Eleusis | Cleomenes invades Eleusis with a great army, but Corinth changes its mind and he withdraws Tradition | 5.74-76 |
| 506 BC | Chalcis | Athens marches to punish the Chalcidians and also defeats Boeotia | 5.77 |
| 506 BC – 490 BC | Aegina (island) | The Aeginetans, long at odds, raid the Athenian coast; the Athenian counterattack fails Tradition | 5.81-89 |
| 499 BC | Naxos (island) | Aristagoras and Megabates lead an expedition against Naxos, but it fails | 5.30-34 |
| 499 BC – 498 BC | Miletus | Aristagoras resolves to revolt and expels the tyrants of the Ionian cities | 5.35-38 |
| 499 BC – 498 BC | Sparta | Aristagoras asks Sparta for reinforcements, but fails | 5.49-51 |
| 498 BC | Athenae | Athens votes to send twenty ships to Ionia | 5.97 |
| 498 BC | Sardis/Hyde? | Athenian, Eretrian and Ionian troops pass through Ephesus and burn Sardis | 5.99-102 |
| 498 BC | Ephesus/Arsinoe(ia) | The Ionian army suffers a crushing defeat from the Persians near Ephesus | 5.102 |
| 498 BC – 497 BC | Salamis/Konstantia | Cyprus revolts; in the battle off Salamis the Ionian navy wins, but on land Onesilus dies | 5.104-116 |
| 497 BC – 496 BC | Caria (region) | The Persians cross the Maeander and win against the Carians, but the Carians counterattack from an ambush | 5.117-121 |
| 496 BC – 494 BC | Sardis/Hyde? | Histiaeus comes to Sardis, is discovered by Artaphernes, and flees to the sea at night | 6.1-5 |
| 494 BC | Miletus | The Ionian fleet fights the Phoenician fleet at Lade, but the Samian ships desert and they are defeated | 6.8-16 |
| 494 BC | Miletus | The Persians besiege Miletus by land and sea and take it; most men are killed and women and children enslaved | 6.18-20 |
| 494 BC | Argos | Cleomenes deceives the Argives, kills many of them, and burns the Argive sacred grove | 6.76-83 |
| 493 BC | Atarneus | At the battle of Malene, Histiaeus is captured by Persian cavalry and taken to Sardis | 6.26-30 |
| 493 BC | Miletus | The next year the Persian fleet takes the islands and burns the Ionian cities on the mainland too | 6.31-32 |
| 493 BC | Byzantium | The Phoenician fleet takes the Hellespont's left side; the Byzantines flee without fighting | 6.33 |
| 493 BC | Chersonesus | Miltiades flees from the Chersonese to Athens to avoid the Phoenician fleet | 6.34-41 |
| 492 BC | Macedonia (region) | Mardonius sails from Cilicia to Macedonia, but his land army is hit in Thrace | 6.43-45 |
| 491 BC | Thasos (island) | Darius orders the Thasians to tear down their walls and send their ships to Abdera; the Thasians comply | 6.46-47 |
| 491 BC | Aegina (island) | Darius sends envoys to Greece demanding earth and water; the Aeginetans give them, and Athens protests | 6.48-49 |
| 491 BC | Demaratus crosses to Asia by way of Zakynthos and is received by Darius | 6.70 | |
| 490 BC – 487 BC | Aegina (island) | Athens fights a naval battle with Aegina using seventy ships and wins; afterwards the Aeginetans attack the Athenian fleet and capture four ships | 6.92-93 |
| 490 BC | Naxos (island) | Datis and his company load horses and troops onto ships in Cilicia and sail via Ionia to Naxos; the Naxians flee to the mountains | 6.94-96 |
| 490 BC | Delos (settlement) | Datis does not touch Delos and places the ships in two spots; Delos is said to have had an earthquake | 6.97-98 |
| 490 BC | Eretria (Euboea) | Persia subdues Carystus, lands at Eretria, and besieges and takes the city | 6.98-101 |
| 490 BC | Marathon | After conquering Eretria, Persia sails for Attica a few days later and lands at Marathon | 6.102 |
| 490 BC | Marathon | Athens, led by ten generals, marches to Marathon; Plataea sends reinforcements | 6.103-108 |
| 490 BC | Marathon | At Miltiades' urging, Athens resists and fights long; Polemarchus and Callimachus die | 6.109-114 |
| 490 BC | Marathon | The Persians lose seven ships and sail around Sunium; Athens returns to the city first and guards it; 6,400 Persians and 192 Athenians die | 6.115-117 |
| 490 BC | Susa/Seleucia ad Eulaeum | Datis and Artaphernes reach Asia and take the Eretrian captives to Susa | 6.119 |
| 490 BC – 486 BC | Susa/Seleucia ad Eulaeum | Darius, hearing of Marathon, furiously orders the army to be mustered; he dies after the Egyptian revolt (reign of 36 years) | 7.1-4 |
| 489 BC | Paros (settlement) | Miltiades, with seventy ships, besieges Paros, but after twenty-six days fails and returns | 6.132-135 |
| 485 BC | Aegyptus (Roman imperial province) | Xerxes pacifies Egypt | 7.7 |
| 484 BC – 481 BC | Athos/Akte (peninsula) | Xerxes orders a canal dug through the Athos isthmus and a bridge built over the Strymon | 7.22-24 |
| 480 BC | Abydos | A bridge is built over the Hellespont, but a storm destroys it, and it is built again | 7.34-36 |
| 480 BC | Abydos | Xerxes reviews his army and fleet at Abydos | 7.44-45 |
| 480 BC | Abydos | Xerxes' army crosses the Hellespont bridge | 7.54-56 |
| 480 BC | Doriskos | The fleet gathers at Doriscus and the ships are hauled up onto the shore | 7.58-59 |
| 480 BC | Akanthos | Xerxes mourns at Acanthus for Artachaees, supervisor of the canal | 7.116-117 |
| 480 BC | Therme | The fleet passes Athos toward the Thermaic Gulf, while the land army marches straight from Acanthus to Therma | 7.121-124 |
| 480 BC | The Greeks who went to war against Persia swear an oath: if they win, they will dedicate to the god at Delphi the property of the Greeks who voluntarily submitted to Persia Tradition | 7.132 | |
| 480 BC | Athenae | Themistocles interprets the Delphic oracle of the 'wooden wall' as ships and builds 200 ships with silver from Laurion | 7.140-144 |
| 480 BC | Syracusae/Syrakousai | Greek envoys ask Gelon for help, but they fail to agree on the question of command | 7.153-163 |
| 480 BC | Tempe | The Greek army goes to Tempe and then abandons Thessaly | 7.173 |
| 480 BC | Skiathos/Sciathus (island) | The Persian fleet leaves Therma and captures or chases three Greek scout ships off Sciathos | 7.179-183 |
| 480 BC | Sepias | A storm off Cape Sepias causes heavy losses to the Persian fleet (400 ships) | 7.188-190 |
| 480 BC | Aphetai? | The Persian fleet anchors at Aphetai; fifteen Greek ships lose their way, enter, and are captured | 7.193-196 |
| 480 BC | Thermopylae | Median troops and the Immortals (under Hydarnes) attack in turn but are pushed back by the Greeks; the king leaps up three times | 7.210-212 |
| 480 BC | Thermopylae | The Persians cross the Asopus and march through mountain paths all night; the Phocians flee to a mountaintop | 7.217-218 |
| 480 BC | Thermopylae | Leonidas and the Greeks fight on, knowing they will die; two brothers of Xerxes also fall | 7.223-225 |
| 480 BC | Artemision | At Artemisium, Themistocles, having taken money, stays behind and blocks the retreat; the Greeks attack the next evening | 8.4-9 |
| 480 BC | Artemision | The Greeks charge all together, stern to stern, and capture thirty Persian ships; half of the Athenian ships are damaged | 8.10-18 |
| 480 BC | Artemision | Themistocles leaves ships at places with water, leaves persuasive messages for the Ionians, and the fleet returns to Artemisium | 8.21-23 |
| 480 BC | Phocis | The Persian army burns and plunders the cities and temples of the Phocians | 8.32-35 |
| 480 BC | Delphi | The Persian army aims for the Delphic sanctuary but, terrified by a divine sign, many Delphians kill them Fiction | 8.35-39 |
| 480 BC | Athenae | At the request of Athens, the fleet enters Salamis and the citizens evacuate | 8.40-41 |
| 480 BC | Athenae | Xerxes passes through Boeotia, burns Athens, besieges the Acropolis from the Areopagus hill, and takes it | 8.50-53 |
| 480 BC | Salamis (island) | Themistocles persuades them to fight at Salamis; Adeimantus of Corinth objects | 8.56-63 |
| 480 BC | Salamis (island) | Themistocles secretly sends a message to the Persians, and in the dead of night the Persian fleet surrounds Salamis | 8.75-76 |
| 480 BC | Salamis (island) | When the Greek fleet sets out, Persia attacks; the Aeginetans and Athenians fight well and win, and Ariabignes dies | 8.84-96 |
| 480 BC | Salamis (island) | Xerxes pretends to build an embankment toward Salamis | 8.97 |
| 480 BC | Susa/Seleucia ad Eulaeum | At the news of Athens' fall, Xerxes rejoices at Susa; at news of the Salamis defeat, he grieves | 8.99 |
| 480 BC | Phaleron | The Persian fleet leaves Phaleron at night for the Hellespont, and the Greeks pursue | 8.107-110 |
| 480 BC | Andros (settlement) | The Greeks besiege Andros after the Andrians refuse; Themistocles demands money from the islands | 8.111-112 |
| 480 BC | Thessalia | Xerxes passes through Boeotia to Thessaly, and his soldiers die of disease and hunger | 8.113-115 |
| 480 BC | Abydos | Xerxes hurries across to Abydos | 8.117-118 |
| 479 BC | Poteidaia/Kassandreia | Artabazus besieges Potidaea for three months but loses soldiers swept away by the sea | 8.126-129 |
| 479 BC | Olynthos | Artabazus captures Olynthus | 8.127 |
| 479 BC | Aegina (island) | The Greek fleet gathers at Aegina and then goes to Delos | 8.131-132 |
| 479 BC | Thessalia | Mardonius spends the winter in Thessaly and has the oracles consulted Tradition | 8.133-136 |
| 479 BC | Athenae | Alexander of Macedon brings Mardonius' peace proposal, but Athens refuses | 8.140-144 |
| 479 BC | Salamis (island) | Because Sparta is late, Athens again evacuates to Salamis | 9.6 |
| 479 BC | Sparta | Pausanias' army leaves Sparta | 9.11 |
| 479 BC | Athenae | Mardonius retakes Athens, burns it, and tears down its walls, houses, and temples | 9.13 |
| 479 BC | Megara | Mardonius attacks Megara, then returns to Boeotia by way of Decelea | 9.14-15 |
| 479 BC | Eleusis | The Greek army leaves the Isthmus, makes sacrifices at Eleusis, and advances | 9.19 |
| 479 BC | Erythrai | Masistius' cavalry harasses the Greeks; three hundred Athenians and others bring Masistius down | 9.20-24 |
| 479 BC | Plataea | The Greek army marches along the foot of Cithaeron to Plataea, arranges its positions, and Tegea and Athens dispute | 9.25-28 |
| 479 BC | Plataea | Mardonius deploys his troops | 9.31-32 |
| 479 BC | Plataea | The Persians ambush the supply train and kill all the men and animals | 9.39 |
| 479 BC | Plataea | The Greeks decide to withdraw to the islands, but the night retreat scatters them | 9.51-57 |
| 479 BC | Plataea | The Spartans and Tegeans fight beside the sanctuary of Demeter; Mardonius is killed and the Persians flee to their palisade | 9.61-65 |
| 479 BC | Plataea | The Athenians attack the palisade and, after a fierce battle, take it | 9.69-70 |
| 479 BC | Plataea | The Spartans are judged to have fought most fiercely | 9.71-72 |
| 479 BC | Thebai/Thebae | Eleven days later the Greeks besiege Thebes and demand the surrender of the Persian sympathizers | 9.86-88 |
| 479 BC | Delos (settlement) | Samian envoys come to Leotychides on Delos, swear an alliance, and sail together | 9.90-92 |
| 479 BC | Mycale (mountain) | The Persians avoid a naval battle and climb to the foot of Mycale, where they fortify a wall | 9.96-97 |
| 479 BC | Mycale (mountain) | The Greeks land, tear down the wall and win; Samos defects first, and Ionia revolts second | 9.98-103 |
| 479 BC | Mycale (mountain) | The Greeks gather the spoils on the shore, burn the ships and the wall, and leave | 9.106 |
| 479 BC | Sestos | The Athenian army besieges Sestos, and the starving Persian troops slip out from the rear | 9.114-118 |
| 479 BC | Sestos | Artayctes is captured, dragged to the cape, and executed; the bridge ropes are brought back to Greece | 9.119-121 |
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