Zosimus, New History: a Standard history source. Covers AD 193 – 337, with 86 events in chronological order. Text license and provenance included.
| Type | Standard history |
|---|---|
| Viewpoint | Insider account |
| Years covered | AD 193 – 337 |
| Events | 86 events, 51 placed on the map |
| Author | Zosimus |
| Original title | Historia Nea |
Regions: Southern Europe 57 · West Asia 26 · Western Europe 2 · Egypt & North Africa 1
| Year | Place | Event | Passage |
|---|---|---|---|
| AD 193 – 194 | Byzantium | When Severus is chosen emperor, Niger and Albinus oppose him and civil war breaks out. The people of Byzantium, who had taken Niger in, side with him and endure danger until Niger is defeated and killed. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.9 |
| AD 197 – 199 | Ctesiphon | In his Persian (Parthian) campaign Severus takes Ctesiphon and Babylon and conquers the tent-dwelling Arabs. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.9 |
| AD 204 | Rome | In the consulship of Chilo and Libo, Severus, together with his two sons Antoninus and Geta, again holds the Secular Games (Ludi Saeculares) on their 110-year cycle. | Zos. 2 (1814 영역) p.37 |
| AD 222 | 로마(시 안) | Elagabalus (Antoninus) is killed by the Romans for his dissoluteness, and Alexander is proclaimed emperor. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.10 |
| AD 235 | 라인 강 근처 | The Pannonian and Moesian armies revolt and raise Maximinus to emperor; Alexander, near the Rhine, is killed with his mother Mamaea in a tumult of the crowd. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.11 |
| AD 238 | 아프리카 | The Africans proclaim Gordian and his son emperors and send envoys to Rome. The Senate decides to remove Maximinus and appoints Balbinus and Maximus as commanders. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.11 |
| AD 238 | Aquileia | Maximinus, marching hard on Rome, besieges the garrison of Aquileia, which has shut its gates; abandoned by his own army, he is killed with his son and his head is sent to Rome. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.12 |
| AD 243 – 244 | Carrhae | While Gordian stays near Carrhae and Nisibis for the Persian campaign, Philip diverts the supply ships and starves the army to stir up mutiny; the soldiers kill the emperor and set Philip on the throne. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.13 |
| AD 244 | 샤푸르와 강화 | After making peace with Shapur, Philip heads for Rome and sends envoys to report that Gordian had died of illness. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.13 |
| AD 246 | 이스테르(도나우) 일대 | Philip marches out against the Carpi, who have plundered the Danube region, and fights them; when they, driven into a fort, regroup and counterattack, he accepts peace and withdraws. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.13 |
| AD 249 | 판노니아 | When the Pannonian army acclaims Decius emperor, Philip gathers forces to oppose him but dies in battle with his son. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.14 |
| AD 251 | 타나이스(돈) 강변 습지 | Decius, through a ruse of Gallus, who is in league with the barbarians, sinks into a swamp's mud and perishes with his entire army. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.15 |
| AD 251 | PhilThrace | Gallus promises the barbarians an annual payment and even allows them to take away the prominent captives seized at Philippopolis. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.15 |
| AD 252 – 253 | Antioch | While the Scythians sweep everywhere and plague spreads, Persia seizes Mesopotamia, enters as far as Antioch, destroys the city and carries off its people as captives. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.16 |
| AD 253 | 이탈리아 진군 중 | Aemilianus, a legion commander in Pannonia, strikes the Scythians and is acclaimed emperor; as he marches on Italy, Gallus's soldiers kill Gallus and his son and go over to him. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.17 |
| AD 254 | Thessalonica | The Scythians and Marcomanni press Thessalonica to the brink, and the siege is lifted by the defense of those inside; all Greece is alarmed, and the walls of Athens and the Isthmus wall are rebuilt. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.17 |
| AD 256 | Pityus | Successianus repels the attack on Pityus by Scythians such as the Borani, and they hurry back by ship. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.18 |
| AD 257 | Trapezus | By night the Scythians pile up timber against the poorly defended walls of Trapezus, climb over and take the city; after plundering money, slaves and temple and building ornaments, they return by ship. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.19 |
| AD 257 – 258 | Chalcedon | The Scythian land army crosses the strait between Byzantium and Chalcedon in fishermen's boats; the defenders flee, and they take Chalcedon bloodlessly, seizing money, arms and provisions. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.19 |
| AD 258 | Nicomedia | The Scythians enter wealthy Nicomedia, whose citizens fled with their goods, and gain enormous wealth; they then sweep through Nicaea, Cius, Apamea and Prusa. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.19 |
| AD 258 | Nicaea | With the Rhyndacus swollen and the way to Cyzicus blocked, the Scythians set fire to Nicomedia and Nicaea and load their plunder onto carts and ships to head back. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.20 |
| AD 260 | 샤푸르 진영 | Valerian, whose army has been thinned by plague, goes with only a few men to negotiate with Shapur in person, is captured, and ends his life as a slave in Persia. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.20 |
| AD 260 | Rome | When the Scythians enter Italy and menace Rome, the Senate arms the city's soldiers and sturdy commoners to form an army larger than the barbarians'; the barbarians leave Rome alone and plunder elsewhere in Italy. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.20 |
| AD 260 | Cologne | Postumus, commanding the Celtic army, besieges Gallienus's son Saloninus at Agrippina, has him handed over and kills him, and becomes ruler of the Celts. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.21 |
| AD 262 | Nisibis | Odaenathus of Palmyra strikes Shapur, seizes Persian cities, and retakes Nisibis, which Shapur had occupied, and destroys it. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.21 |
| AD 266 | Ctesiphon | Odaenathus advances once more as far as Ctesiphon, shuts the Persians in their fortresses, and disposes of the plundered land as he likes. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.21 |
| AD 267 | Athens | The Scythians who had been harassing Greece take Athens, and Gallienus advances to stop those in Thrace. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.21 |
| AD 267 | Emesa | While Odaenathus is staying at Emesa, he is murdered in a plot at a friend's birthday feast, and his wife Zenobia takes charge of affairs. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.21 |
| AD 268 | Milan | On news that Aureolus, the cavalry commander watching Postumus near Milan, aims at the throne, Gallienus hurries back to Italy. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.22 |
| AD 268 | 이탈리아로 가는 도중 | Gallienus, given a false report at a late supper through a plot by the praetorian prefect Heraclianus and Claudius, rides out alone and is killed by the Dalmatian cavalry commander. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.22 |
| AD 268 | Tomis | Scythians, Heruli and Goths gathered at the River Tyras cross the Black Sea in 6,000 ships and attack Tomis, but are repulsed. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.22 |
| AD 268 | Marcianopolis | The same horde also strikes Marcianopolis in Moesia without success and continues onward with a fair wind. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.22 |
| AD 268 | Cyzicus | When many ships collide and sink in the strong currents of the Propontis, the barbarians head for Cyzicus but return with nothing to show. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.23 |
| AD 268 – 269 | Thessalonica | After refitting their ships at Mount Athos, the Scythians nearly take Cassandreia and Thessalonica with siege engines, but retreat inland at news that the emperor is coming with an army. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.23 |
| AD 269 | Naissus | The barbarians who survive their defeat by Claudius at the Battle of Naissus screen themselves with wagons and go to Macedonia, but hunger and Roman cavalry greatly reduce them. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.24 |
| AD 269 | 이집트 | Zenobia sends Zabdas to Egypt, and 70,000 Palmyrene troops gathered by Timagenes beat 50,000 Egyptians and leave a garrison of 5,000. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.23 |
| AD 270 | 트라키아·마케도니아 일대 | Plague spreads to the Romans as well as the barbarians, and the virtuous Claudius dies; his brother Quintillus holds the throne briefly, and then Aurelian becomes emperor. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.24 |
| AD 271 | Rome | Fearing an Alamanni invasion of Italy, Aurelian kills thousands of barbarians near the Danube and begins girding Rome, which had no walls, with a wall that was finished under Probus. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.25 |
| AD 272 | Antioch | Before Antioch, Aurelian wears out Zenobia's heavy cavalry with a feigned retreat, then turns back and destroys them; the survivors flee into the city. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.25 |
| AD 272 | Emesa | The Romans defeat 70,000 Palmyrene troops drawn up before Emesa, helped by Palestinian soldiers wielding clubs, and Zenobia withdraws to Palmyra. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.26 |
| AD 272 | Palmyra | When Aurelian besieges Palmyra on all sides, the Palmyrenes, out of food, put Zenobia on a camel and send her toward the Persian side of the Euphrates. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.27 |
| AD 272 | 유프라테스 강 | Cavalry seize Zenobia as she crosses the Euphrates by boat and bring her to Aurelian. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.28 |
| AD 272 | Emesa | Aurelian returns to Emesa and tries Zenobia and her fellow conspirators; many, including Longinus, whom Zenobia blamed, are sentenced to death. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.28 |
| AD 273 | Palmyra | Zenobia's followers set up Antiochus as emperor, and Aurelian hurries through Antioch to Palmyra, takes it without a fight and razes it, then quickly quells the revolt in Alexandria. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.30 |
| AD 274 | Rome | Aurelian holds a triumph in Rome and builds a temple of the Sun with spoils taken from Palmyra, setting up statues of the Sun and Belus. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.30 |
| AD 275 | Perinthus | Aurelian, staying at Heraclea (Perinthus), is killed on the road by praetorians deceived by a letter forged by his secretary Eros, who was under threat. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.30 |
| AD 276 | 폰토스·킬리키아 | Tacitus defeats the Scythians who had plundered from Pontus to Cilicia after crossing Lake Maeotis, but on his departure is killed by Aurelian's killers, who were angry at the harsh rule of Maximinus, governor of Syria. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.31 |
| AD 276 | Tarsus | Florianus, on the Roman side, camps at Tarsus facing Probus, who drags things out; he loses soldiers to heat and plague and is finally killed by his own men. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.31 |
| AD 277 | 라인 강 | When Probus goes to defend the Germanic cities on the Rhine, grain falls with the rain amid famine, and the soldiers bake bread from it and win. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.32 |
| AD 278 | 크림나(리키아) | At Cremna, a cliff village in Lycia, the brigand Lydius holds out under Roman siege with tunnels and harsh rationing until he is killed by an arrow from one of his own men. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.33 |
| AD 280 | Syracuse | Some Franks settled within the empire revolt, throw Greece into disorder by ship and attack Syracuse in Sicily, killing many; repulsed by Carthaginian soldiers in Africa, they return without great loss. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.34 |
| AD 283 | Ctesiphon | Carus invades Persia and reaches Ctesiphon, winning the title of Persian emperor, but soon dies, either from the soldiers or by lightning. | Zos. 1 (1814 영역) p.35 |
| AD 305 | 니코메디아(사료엔 안 나옴) | Diocletian steps down from emperor to private citizen and Maximian follows; the Secular Games were afterward neglected and the empire declined, says Zosimus. | Zos. 2 (1814 영역) p.39 |
| AD 305 | 알프스 북쪽(브리타니아로 가는 길) | To reach his father, Constantine heads for Britain, maiming the post horses at each roadside station to prevent pursuit. | Zos. 2 (1814 영역) p.40 |
| AD 306 | 브리타니아(요크라고는 안 함) | When Constantius dies, his guards, judging his legitimate sons unfit and hoping for generous rewards, raise Constantine to the throne. | Zos. 2 (1814 영역) p.40 |
| AD 306 | Rome | Maxentius is proclaimed emperor with the help of two military tribunes, the pork-ration official Lucianus, and the praetorians, and first kills the opposing city prefect Abellius. | Zos. 2 (1814 영역) p.40 |
| AD 307 | Milan | Caesar Severus, sent by Galerius against Maxentius, marches out of Milan with Moorish legions, but Maxentius bribes his soldiers and the praetorian prefect Anullinus with money, and Severus is easily beaten. | Zos. 2 (1814 영역) p.40 |
| AD 307 | Ravenna | Severus flees to the strongly fortified Ravenna, but Maximian Herculius persuades him with false oaths to go to Rome. | Zos. 2 (1814 영역) p.41 |
| AD 307 | 트레스 타베르나이(로마 가는 길) | On his way to Rome, Severus is seized at Tres Tabernae by Maxentius's trap and executed at once. | Zos. 2 (1814 영역) p.41 |
| AD 307 | 이탈리아 | Galerius, who comes from the East to Italy to avenge Severus, senses his soldiers' disloyalty and returns to the East without fighting. | Zos. 2 (1814 영역) p.41 |
| AD 308 | Carnuntum | Maximian Herculius visits Diocletian, living at Carnuntum in Gallia Celtica, and urges him to return to the throne, but is refused. | Zos. 2 (1814 영역) p.41 |
| AD 308 | Carthage | In Carthage the soldiers block the circulation of Maxentius's portrait, and finally dress the elderly praetorian prefect Alexander, a Phrygian, in purple and make him emperor. | Zos. 2 (1814 영역) p.42 |
| AD 310 | Tarsus | Zosimus writes that Maximian Herculius plots against Constantine, is exposed by Fausta's denunciation, and dies of illness at Tarsus. | Zos. 2 (1814 영역) p.42 |
| AD 310 | 아프리카 | The praetorian prefect Rufius Volusianus and Zeno's army, sent by Maxentius, defeat Alexander's army, seize Alexander and strangle him. | Zos. 2 (1814 영역) p.43 |
| AD 312 | 알프스→이탈리아 | Constantine gathers an army of barbarians, Germans, Celts and Britons, 90,000 infantry and 8,000 cavalry, crosses the Alps, spares cities that surrender and storms those that resist. | Zos. 2 (1814 영역) p.43 |
| AD 312 | Rome | On the plain before Rome, Constantine's cavalry scatters Maxentius's; Maxentius flees across the bridge, which collapses, and he drowns in the river, and his head is carried into the city on a spear. | Zos. 2 (1814 영역) p.44 |
| AD 313 | Milan | On his way to Gallia Celtica, Constantine summons Licinius to Milan and gives him his sister Constantia as wife. | Zos. 2 (1814 영역) p.44 |
| AD 316 | Cibalae | Licinius sets up headquarters at Cibalae, a hill town in Pannonia, but Constantine fights all day and wins with his right wing; Licinius flees. | Zos. 2 (1814 영역) p.45 |
| AD 316 | Sirmium | The defeated Licinius breaks the bridge over the Save at Sirmium and goes to Thrace to raise troops; Constantine takes Cibalae and Sirmium, repairs the bridge and pursues. | Zos. 2 (1814 영역) p.45 |
| AD 317 | 트라키아 평원 | With neither side prevailing by arrows and spears, a truce is made the next day: Constantine takes Illyricum and the West, Licinius Thrace and the East, and they swear to kill Valens. | Zos. 2 (1814 영역) p.46 |
| AD 317 | 불명 | Constantine makes his sons Crispus and the newborn Constantine Caesars, and Licinius's 20-month-old son Licinianus also becomes Caesar, ending the second war. | Zos. 2 (1814 영역) p.46 |
| AD 323 | 이스테르(도나우) 일대 | When the Sarmatians cross the Danube and plunder, Constantine stops them, kills their king Rausimodus in a forest, and distributes many captives among cities. | Zos. 2 (1814 영역) p.46 |
| AD 323 – 324 | Thessalonica | Constantine builds a harbor at Thessalonica, which had none, and prepares for war with Licinius with 200 warships, 2,000 transports, 120,000 infantry and more. | Zos. 2 (1814 영역) p.46 |
| AD 324 | Adrianople | With Licinius camped at Adrianople, Constantine marches from Thessalonica and faces him across the Hebrus, then deceives him with a wooden signal, crosses at a narrow point, cuts down 30,000 and takes the enemy camp. | Zos. 2 (1814 영역) p.47 |
| AD 324 | Byzantium | While Licinius is inside Byzantium, Constantine follows, builds an earth rampart and wooden towers, brings siege engines, and surrounds the city. | Zos. 2 (1814 영역) p.47 |
| AD 324 | 헬레스폰토스 | In the narrow strait, Abantus's 200 ships crowd in disorder and are badly beaten by Constantine's 80 thirty-oared ships; the next day a south wind wrecks 130 of Licinius's ships and 5,000 men drown. | Zos. 2 (1814 영역) p.48 |
| AD 324 | Chalcedon | Licinius crosses to Chalcedon and makes Martinianus Caesar to resist, but only 30,000 of 130,000 survive the defeat between Chalcedon and the Sacred Cape, and the citizens of Byzantium and Chalcedon open their gates. | Zos. 2 (1814 영역) p.49 |
| AD 324 | Nicomedia | Besieged in Nicomedia, Licinius surrenders, offering up his purple; Constantine kills Martinianus and sends Licinius to Thessalonica, then breaks his oath and has him executed. | Zos. 2 (1814 영역) p.50 |
| AD 324 | 트로아스와 옛 일리온 사이 | Leaving Rome in search of a new capital, Constantine starts walling a site between the Troad and Ilium but changes his mind in favor of Byzantium. | Zos. 2 (1814 영역) p.52 |
| AD 324 – 330 | Constantinople | Constantine widens the walls of Byzantium by 15 stadia and builds a palace, hippodrome, forums and temples, and houses for the senators who followed him from Rome. | Zos. 2 (1814 영역) p.52 |
| AD 325 | Thessalonica | Constantine says he will send Licinius to Thessalonica to live in safety, but breaks his oath and later executes him. | Zos. 2 (1814 영역) p.50 |
| AD 326 | Rome | Coming to Rome, Constantine kills his son Crispus on suspicion of an affair with his stepmother Fausta, and, Zosimus writes, to console his grieving mother Helena has Fausta shut in a heated bath to die. | Zos. 2 (1814 영역) p.51 |
| AD 326 | Rome | Unable to find a way to cleanse his guilt, Constantine adopts Christianity on the word of the Spaniard Aegyptius, and by insulting the rites at the festival where the army goes up to the Capitol, he earns the hatred of the Senate and people. | Zos. 2 (1814 영역) p.52 |
| AD 330 – 337 | 제국 전체 | Constantine splits the praetorian prefecture in four, covering Egypt and the East, Macedonia and Greece, Italy and Africa, and Gaul, Spain and Britain, and creates masters of the soldiers (magistri militum) to divide command. | Zos. 2 (1814 영역) p.53 |
| AD 330 – 337 | 제국 변경 | Zosimus criticizes Constantine for withdrawing the garrisons from the frontier forts and stationing them in peaceful cities, which let barbarians cross the border easily. | Zos. 2 (1814 영역) p.54 |
| AD 337 | 제국 | After wearying people with taxes, Constantine dies of illness, and his three sons divide the empire and succeed him. | Zos. 2 (1814 영역) p.57 |
Zosimus, New History, tr. J. Davis? Green & Chaplin (1814); transcription tertullian.org
PD (Green & Chaplin 1814, tertullian.org 페이지 명시)
https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/zosimus01_book1.htm