Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander: a Standard history source. Covers 336 BC – 323 BC, with 150 events in chronological order. Text license and provenance included.
| Type | Standard history |
|---|---|
| Viewpoint | Insider account |
| Years covered | 336 BC – 323 BC |
| Events | 150 events, 84 placed on the map |
| Author | Arrian (Flavius Arrianus) |
| Original title | Ἀλεξάνδρου Ἀνάβασις |
Regions: West Asia 126 · Southern Europe 8 · South Asia 7 · Central Asia 6 · Egypt & North Africa 3
| Year | Place | Event | Passage |
|---|---|---|---|
| 336 BC | Peloponnesus (그리스인 회합) | After Philip's death, Alexander gathered the Greeks at the Peloponnese and asked to be named commander-in-chief of the Persian expedition; all approved except the Spartans. | 1.1.1–1.1.13 |
| 335 BC | Amphipolis | As spring approached, he set out from Amphipolis and marched toward Thrace by way of the Triballi and Illyria, entering the land of the independent Thracians. | 1.1.1–1.1.5 |
| 335 BC | Haemus 산길 (트라키아) | Having crossed the river Nessos, on the tenth day he reached Mount Haemus, where he held off the Thracians who were rolling wagons down the slope, using a shield formation, and drove them off; about 1,500 were killed. | 1.1.1–1.1.5 |
| 335 BC | Lyginus 강 (트리발로이 땅) | Crossing Haemus, he surprised the Triballi camped on the river Lyginus in Triballian territory and killed three thousand. | 1.2.1–1.2.7 |
| 335 BC | Ister(도나우)·Peuce 섬 | Three days after the battle he reached the Ister river and tried to land on the island where the Triballi had taken refuge, using ships from Byzantium, but failed. | 1.3.1–1.3.6 |
| 335 BC | 이스트로스 건너편 게타이의 도시 | At night he crossed the river with 1,500 cavalry and 4,000 infantry, drove the Getae out of the grain fields, razed their city, and offered sacrifices. | 1.4.1–1.4.3 |
| 335 BC | 이스트로스 강변 진영 | Syrmus, king of the Triballi, and envoys of the Celts came and asked for friendship, and an alliance was made. The Celts answered that they feared the sky would fall on them. | 1.4.1–1.4.6 |
| 335 BC | Pelium | Passing through Agrianes and Paeonia, he reached Pelion, which Clitus had taken, and camped beside the river Eordaicus. The next day Glaucias, king of the Taulantians, joined him with a great army. | 1.5 |
| 335 BC | Pelium | By maneuvering the phalanx he drove the enemy off the mountain and withdrew after crossing the river; three days later he attacked the undefended enemy camp by night and defeated it heavily. Clitus set fire to the city and fled to Glaucias. | 1.6.1–1.6.8 |
| 335 BC | Thebai | Exiles from Thebes killed two officers of the garrison in the Cadmea and rebelled; Alexander came down from northern Macedonia into Boeotia and camped at Iolaos near the olive grove. | 1.7.1–1.7.5 |
| 335 BC | Thebai | Perdiccas, without orders, drew up his palisade and went in, starting the battle; Alexander drove the Theban army back to the city gates in phalanx formation, and the Macedonian army entered the city with them. | 1.8.1–1.8.8 |
| 335 BC | Thebai | The disposition of Thebes was left to the allies: a garrison was placed in the Cadmea, the city was razed, and women, children and surviving men were sold into slavery. The house and descendants of Pindar were spared. | 1.9.1–1.9.9 |
| 335 BC | Athenai | When Athens sent envoys, Alexander demanded the surrender of Demosthenes and others, then withdrew the demand and banished only Charidemus, who fled to Darius. | 1.10.1–1.10.4 |
| 334 BC | Elaious | In spring he left Antipater in charge of Macedonia and Greece and set off for the Hellespont with about 30,000 infantry and 5,000 cavalry. Twenty days after leaving home he reached Sestos and sacrificed at the tomb of Protesilaus at Elaeus. | 1.11.1–1.11.5 |
| 334 BC | Ilion | He crossed the Hellespont and set foot in Asia for the first time, as it is said; he climbed to Ilion, sacrificed to Athena of Troy, dedicated his own armor and took away ancient weapons. | 1.11.1–1.11.5 |
| 334 BC | Ilion | At Ilion he laid a garland on the tomb of Achilles. | 1.12.1 |
| 334 BC | Granicus 강변 | Alexander led the right wing into the river and fought fiercely with the Persian cavalry on the high bank; the leading men were pushed back from a poor footing, until the king arrived, and the cavalry landed one after another and gained the upper hand. | 1.15 |
| 334 BC | Granicus 강변 | When the Persian cavalry broke, Alexander did not pursue but surrounded the Greek mercenaries and nearly annihilated them, taking about 2,000 prisoners. Macedonian dead included 25 cavalrymen; they were buried and compensated. He sent 300 suits of armor to Athens. | 1.16.1–1.16.2 |
| 334 BC | Sardis | Seventy stadia before Sardis he received the surrender of Mithrenes, commander of the citadel, and of the leading men; he allowed the Lydians their old laws and ordered a temple of Zeus to be built on the hill. | 1.17.1–1.17.2 |
| 334 BC | Ephesos | On the fourth day he reached Ephesus, recalled the exiles, overthrew the oligarchy and set up a democracy, and had the tribute the Persians had imposed dedicated to Artemis. He prevented the mob from taking revenge. | 1.17.1–1.17.9 |
| 334 BC | Miletos | From Ephesus he went to Miletus, took the outer city and blockaded the inner city. Nicanor first took the island of Lade with 160 ships, while the Persian fleet (about 400 ships) anchored at Cape Mycale. | 1.18.1–1.18.3 |
| 334 BC | Miletos | He rejected negotiations at Miletus, broke the walls with siege engines and took the city; Nicanor blocked the harbor and cut off the Persian fleet's relief. About 300 mercenaries who had fled to the island were absorbed under a truce. | 1.19.1–1.19.11 |
| 334 BC | Halikarnassos | Alexander disbanded his navy and went to Caria, where he camped five stadia from Halicarnassus. Memnon defended the city. | 1.20.1–1.20.2 |
| 334 BC | Halikarnassos | When Alexander brought the siege engines against the inner wall, the defenders charged in force but were repulsed: about 1,000 defenders and about 40 Macedonians fell. The city was spared from falling when Alexander withdrew his troops, waiting for the signal of surrender. | 1.22.1–1.22.7 |
| 334 BC | Halikarnassos | Orontobates and Memnon, in the dead of night, set fire to the wooden towers and storehouses and withdrew to the island fortress and to Salmakis. Alexander razed the city and left Ptolemy with 3,000 infantry and 200 cavalry to guard Caria. | 1.23.1–1.23.4 |
| 334 BC | Alinda | Ada, queen of Caria, handed over Alinda and adopted Alexander as her son; Alexander entrusted the whole of Caria to Ada. | 1.23.1–1.23.7 |
| 334 BC | Xanthos | After crossing the river Xanthus, about thirty small towns, including Pinara, Xanthus and Patara, surrendered. In midwinter he invaded Milyas and received envoys from Phaselis. | 1.24.1–1.24.4 |
| 333 BC | Perge | Some of his men went over the mountain from Phaselis, while he himself went along the beach to Perge. A north wind blew, which made passage easy, as he interpreted it. Envoys from Aspendos promised fifty talents and horses. | 1.26.1–1.26.5 |
| 333 BC | Aspendos | The people of Aspendos fled to the rocks and asked for surrender again; they agreed to hostages and horses, and on the condition of 100 talents and an annual tribute instead of 50. | 1.27.1–1.27.8 |
| 333 BC | Sagalassos | He formed an alliance with Selgis, defeated about 500 Pisidians at Sagalassus and took the city by assault, and also took other Pisidian fortresses. | 1.28.1–1.28.2 |
| 333 BC | Kelainai | He passed Lake Ascania and on the fifth day reached Celaenae, stayed there ten days, and appointed Antigonus governor of Phrygia. | 1.29.1–1.29.3 |
| 333 BC | Mytilene | Memnon took Chios and brought all the cities of Lesbos over; while blockading Mytilene with a double palisade he fell ill and died. Mytilene surrendered after reaching an agreement with Pharnabazus. | 2.1.1–2.1.5 |
| 333 BC | Gordion | Alexander climbed the citadel of Gordium and saw the chariot of Gordius and its knot; it is said he untied the knot by cutting it with a sword or by pulling out the pin (Arrian does not state which). | 2.3.1–2.3.8 |
| 333 BC | Ankyra | The next day, after being sent on to Ancyra, he received the submission and alliance offer of envoys from Paphlagonia. He subdued Cappadocia on the inner side of the Halys and part of the outer side. | 2.4.1–2.4.11 |
| 333 BC | Tarsos | He hurried to Tarsus and sent Arsames fleeing, but after bathing in the Cydnus he caught a fever. Though he read Parmenion's warning letter, he drank the medicine of the physician Philippus. | 2.4.1–2.4.5 |
| 333 BC | Soloi | Passing Anchialos, he left a garrison at Soloi and imposed 200 talents of silver; afterwards he subdued the mountain tribes of Cilicia over seven days, and sacrificed, held processions and games for Asclepius. | 2.5.1–2.5.4 |
| 333 BC | Myriandros | At Malos he received the report that Darius was at Soochoi; he passed the Assyrian gates and camped near Myriandros, but was held up by a storm at night. Darius, following advice, left the plain and went away. | 2.6.1–2.6.2 |
| 333 BC | Issos | Darius crossed the Amanus pass and reached Issus, cruelly killed the sick men left behind, and the next day marched to the river Pinarus. Alexander reconnoitered with thirty lines to confirm the facts and gave a speech to encourage his commanders. | 2.7.1–2.7.9 |
| 333 BC | Issos | The battle of Issus: Alexander charged first into the river on the right wing and broke the Persian left; where the central phalanx split, he fought fiercely with Darius' Greek mercenaries. About 120 Macedonians, including Ptolemy, died. | 2.10 |
| 333 BC | Issos | Darius abandoned his chariot and fled on horseback, and Alexander pursued him until nightfall. Darius's mother, wife, sons and daughters were captured in the camp, and 3,000 talents were obtained. The treasure of Damascus was taken over by Parmenion. The month was Maimakterion, with Nicostratus as archon. | 2.11.1–2.11.10 |
| 333 BC | Thapsakos | Darius fled through the night, and by day, gathering his soldiers to about 4,000, pushed his march to Thapsacus to put the Euphrates between himself and Alexander. About 8,000 mercenaries, including Amyntas, fled through Tripolis to Cyprus and Egypt. | 2.13.1–2.13.8 |
| 333 BC | Marathos | Alexander appointed a governor of Coele-Syria and advanced into Phoenicia, where he met King Straton of Arados and arranged to receive Arados and Marathus. | 2.13.1–2.13.8 |
| 333 BC | Marathos | At Marathus he received a letter from Darius (demanding the return of his family and offering friendship); Alexander replied that he should be treated as 'king of Asia', refused, and sent the reply back. | 2.14.1–2.14.9 |
| 333 BC | Sidon | Leaving Marathus, he obtained Byblos by agreement and Sidon at the invitation of its people, and headed for Tyre. Envoys from Tyre announced that they would obey his orders. | 2.15.1–2.15.6 |
| 332 BC | Tyros | Alexander asked to make a sacrifice to Heracles and entered Tyre, but Tyre resolved to admit neither Macedonians nor Persians. Enraged, Alexander sent the envoys away. | 2.16.1–2.16.8 |
| 332 BC | Tyros | He persuaded his officers with a speech, and in a dream Heracles took him by the hand and led him on. He began building a causeway from the mainland toward the island city. As the water deepened, the Tyrians' triremes and wall-fire harassed the work, so he erected two towers. | 2.18.1–2.18.3 |
| 332 BC | Tyros | The Tyrians filled a horse-transport ship with dry wood and pitch and rammed it into the causeway, burning the towers and machines. Alexander ordered a wider causeway built and sailed to Sidon to assemble the fleet. | 2.19.1–2.19.6 |
| 332 BC | Tyros | At midday the Tyrians ambushed the Cypriot fleet and sank three ships. But Alexander returned quickly, counterattacked at the harbor mouth, drove the Tyrian fleet into a corner, and tested the walls. A section of wall collapsed. | 2.22.1–2.22.2 |
| 332 BC | Tyros | Using ships that had been lashed together as bridges, Alexander climbed onto the walls and took the city. About 8,000 Tyrian fighters died, 400 Macedonians fell, and about 30,000 were sold into slavery. Those who fled to the temple of Heracles were pardoned. Hekatombaion, archon Anikētos. | 2.24.1–2.24.2 |
| 332 BC | Tyros | Envoys from Darius offered 10,000 talents, the land west of the Euphrates, and a marriage with his daughter, but Alexander refused. Batis, the eunuch of Gaza, refused to let him in. | 2.25.1–2.25.4 |
| 332 BC | Gaza | The engineers said it was impossible because of the high mound by Gaza's walls, but Alejandro raised a mound and set up the machines. During a sacrifice a bird dropped a stone on his head; Aristander interpreted that he would take the city but must take care of his body. | 2.26.1–2.26.4 |
| 332 BC | Gaza | Alexander was wounded in the shoulder by a catapult bolt. Using machines brought from Tyre, they built mounds on all sides and broke through the wall on the fourth assault to take the city. All Gazans fought and died, and their wives and children were enslaved. He settled the city with neighboring residents and used it as a fortress. | 2.27.1–2.27.7 |
| 332 BC – 331 BC | Pelousion | On the seventh day from Gaza he reached Pelusium, where the fleet met him. The governor Mazakes welcomed him in a friendly way; he left a garrison there and marched toward Memphis. | 3.1.1–3.1.5 |
| 332 BC – 331 BC | Memphis | Passing through Heliopolis and crossing the Nile, at Memphis he made sacrifices to Apis and the gods, and held games of Greek artists. | 3.1.1–3.1.3 |
| 331 BC | Alexandreia (이집트) | He sailed down the river past Canopus and, beside Lake Mareia, laid out the site of Alexandria, marking the agora, temples, and walls himself. | 3.1.1–3.1.5 |
| 331 BC | 시와 오아시스 (암몬) | To learn his lineage he went to the oracle of Ammon at the Siwa oasis. He went along the coast about 1,600 stadia to Paraitonion, then turned inland. Lost in sandstorms, he was said to have been guided by a snake (Ptolemy) or by crows (Aristobulus). Tradition | 3.3.1–3.3.6 |
| 331 BC | Tyros | In early spring he went from Memphis to Phoenicia and sacrificed again to Heracles at Tyre. He granted the Athenian embassy's request from the ship Paralus and released the prisoners from the Granicus. He entrusted the treasure to Harpalus and set out for Thapsacus. | 3.6.1–3.6.8 |
| 331 BC | Thapsakos | In the month of Hekatombaion he crossed the double bridge over the Euphrates at Thapsacus; the defending Mazaeus fled. He passed through Mesopotamia by the northern road, crossed the Tigris, and during a lunar eclipse made sacrifices to the moon, sun, and earth. | 3.6.1–3.6.4 |
| 331 BC | Gaugamela | Learning from captured Persian scouts that Darius had gathered a great army at Gaugamela, he rested four days and then marched at midnight. Thirty stadia from the enemy he formed the battle line, scouted the terrain, and told his officers in a speech that this battle would decide who held all of Asia. | 3.8.1–3.8.7 |
| 331 BC | Gaugamela | Alexander drifted to the right, and the Persians followed, so scythed chariots and cavalry clashed. The chariots were stopped by Agrianian javelin men and others, who opened their ranks to let them pass. | 3.13.1–3.13.2 |
| 331 BC | Gaugamela | At Parmenion's request for help, Alexander broke off the pursuit and turned back to fight the largest cavalry battle against the Persian right wing; Parmenion took the enemy camp. He pursued Darius until sunset. Pyanepsion, archon Aristophanes. | 3.15.1–3.15.7 |
| 331 BC | Arbela | Alexander rested at the Lykos river and then made a night march, reaching Arbela the next day. Darius had fled and was not there; the wealth, chariots, spears, and bows were taken. He pursued him 600 stadia from the battlefield. | 3.15.1–3.15.5 |
| 331 BC | Babylon | Babylon opened its gates to welcome him. He ordered the temples that Xerxes had destroyed, especially the temple of Bel, to be rebuilt, and made Mazaeus satrap. He sacrificed to Bel as the Chaldaeans directed. | 3.16.1–3.16.2 |
| 331 BC | Susa | He reached Susa in twenty days from Babylon and took over 50,000 talents and the royal treasure. He sent back to Athens the statues of Harmodius and Aristogeiton, which Xerxes had carried off. | 3.16.1–3.16.2 |
| 330 BC | 우크시아 산지 (수시아나) | From Susa he crossed the Pasitigris river into the land of the Uxians and attacked a mountain village at night. Craterus blocked the high ground and took the narrow pass. The mountain tribes were allowed to keep their land on condition of paying tribute each year. | 3.17.1–3.17.6 |
| 330 BC | 페르시스 관문 | Blocked by the wall built by Ariobarzanes, he was guided by a prisoner on a night detour of about 100 stadia and attacked at dawn. Craterus attacked the wall at the sound of trumpets, encircling and routing the Persian army. | 3.18.1–3.18.2 |
| 330 BC | Persepolis | He hurried to Persepolis, guarded the treasury, and also took the wealth of Pasargadae. Against the advice of Parmenion, he burned the Persian palace (Arrian criticizes this). | 3.18.1–3.18.10 |
| 330 BC | Ekbatana | He marched on Ecbatana after hearing that Darius meant to head for the Caspian Gates from Media. Three days before Ecbatana, he learned from Bistanes that Darius had fled five days earlier with 7,000 talents and infantry and cavalry. | 3.19.1–3.19.5 |
| 330 BC | Rhagai | He pursued Darius and on the eleventh day reached Rhagai, but Darius had already passed through the Caspian Gates. After resting five days he set out for Parthia, camped before the Caspian Gates, and passed through them the next day. | 3.20.1–3.20.2 |
| 330 BC | 파르티아 길 (카스피 관문 너머) | Nobles from Babylon came and reported that Bessus and others had arrested Darius. Alexander made a forced march day and night with mainly cavalry, and picked 500 select infantry to ride on horses. He covered 400 stadia in the night and caught up with the enemy at dawn. | 3.21.1–3.21.10 |
| 330 BC | Zadrakarta (히르카니아) | He entered Hyrcania, crossed the mountains, and reached Zadrakarta, where Nabarzanes and Phrataphernes, close aides of Darius, surrendered. Greek mercenaries serving Darius, about 1,500, sent envoys offering to surrender unconditionally. | 3.23.1–3.23.6 |
| 330 BC | Zadrakarta (히르카니아) | He stayed fifteen days in Zadrakarta, held sacrifices and games, then went through Parthia and at Arei Susia restored Satibarzanes to office. On hearing that Bessus had put on the crown and taken the name Artaxerxes, he set out for Bactra. | 3.25.1–3.25.8 |
| 330 BC | Artakoana (아레이아) | Satibarzanes killed Anaxippos and others and gathered Arians at Artakoana. Hearing this, Alexander stopped the march to Bactra and pushed 600 stadia in two days. When he fled, Alexander punished the rebels and set up a new satrap. | 3.25.1–3.25.5 |
| 330 BC | 자랑가이오이의 도읍(드랑기아나) | Alexander uncovered a plot by Philotas. Philotas was condemned in front of the Macedonians and killed by spears, and letters were sent to the generals of Media, which also led to the execution of Parmenion. | 3.26.1–3.26.4 |
| 329 BC | Alexandreia ad Caucasum | He subdued Arachosia, Drangiana, and others, crossed the Caucasus on snowy roads, founded Alexandria there and sacrificed, then crossed the Caucasus. Satibarzanes, who had rebelled in Areia, was killed by a spear in battle with Erigyios. | 3.28.1–3.28.4 |
| 329 BC | Bactra | He passed through Drapsaca and in the first assault captured Bactra and Aornos, and made Artabazus satrap of Bactria. Bessus crossed the Oxus, burned the boats, and withdrew into Sogdiana. | 3.28.9–3.29.1 |
| 329 BC | Oxos 강 | They filled leather bags with chaff and crossed the Oxus over five days. When Spitamenes and Datafernes offered to hand over Bessus, Alexander sent Ptolemy and covered a ten-day road in four days. | 3.29.1–3.29.7 |
| 329 BC | 베소스가 있던 마을 (소그디아나) | Ptolemy surrounded the village and received Bessus. Alexander had him placed in a neck stock by the roadside as he passed. He questioned and whipped him, then sent him to Bactria to be executed. | 3.30.1–3.30.11 |
| 329 BC | Marakanda | Alexander reached Maracanda, the Sogdian capital, and marched toward Tanais (Jaxartes). The Macedonians who were plundering were massacred, and about 30,000 fled to a high rocky mountain; Alexander took it despite being hit by an arrow that broke his shinbone. | 3.30.1–3.30.6 |
| 329 BC | 소그디아나의 칠 도시 (가자 등) | Alexander attacked the first city with ladders and took it, then took the second the same day and the third the next day. He used cavalry to watch the other two and cut down fugitives, and in two days made five cities into slaves. Craterus besieged the large city of Kyropolis. | 4.2.1–4.2.2 |
| 329 BC | Kyropolis | Alexander entered the city secretly with picked troops through a dry river channel, opened the gates, and was wounded on the head and neck by a stone. In the first capture about 8,000 fighters were killed, and of the 15,000 who had gathered, the rest surrendered when they ran out of water. The seventh city also fell. | 4.3 |
| 329 BC | Alexandreia Eschate | After twenty days he fortified a new city, Alexandria Eschate, settling mercenaries and Macedonian veterans there, and held games. The Scythians across the river insulted him; he crossed on skins and, supported by missile fire, defeated the Scythian cavalry, killing about 1,000 and taking 150 prisoners. Alexander collapsed from drinking water and diarrhea. | 4.4.1–4.4.9 |
| 329 BC | 폴뤼티메토스 강 (소그디아나) | An embassy of the Scythian king offered apples. Meanwhile Spitamenes lifted his siege of Marakanda's citadel and fled, and Pharnuches and his group pursued him; at the Polytimetos river, amid confused command, they were surrounded and wiped out on an island. | 4.5.1–4.5.6 |
| 329 BC | Marakanda | When Alexander heard, he reached Maracanda in three days over 1,500 stadia with half his companion cavalry. Spitamenes abandoned the city and was driven into the desert. Alexander buried the dead and laid waste the land. | 4.6.1–4.6.3 |
| 328 BC | 불명 (잔치 자리) | At a Dionysus festival Alexander sacrificed to the Dioscuri, then quarreled with Cleitus at the drinking party and killed him with a spear (narrated as a tragic event). | 4.8.1–4.8.9 |
| 327 BC | 불명 | Hermolaus confessed before the Macedonians and was executed. Accounts differ: Aristobulus and Ptolemy testified that Callisthenes had instigated it, while other records deny this. | 4.14.1–4.14.4 |
| 327 BC | Sogdiana | Alexander crossed the Oxus and divided his army into five to subdue Sogdiana. Spitamenes fled to the Massagetae, gathered 600 cavalry, and raided a Bactrian fortress. | 4.16.1–4.16.7 |
| 327 BC | 소그디아나·사막 가장자리 | Craterus pursued the Massagetae and caught them near the desert edge, killing 150 cavalry. Spitamenes was finally defeated and killed. | 4.17.1–4.17.7 |
| 327 BC | 소그디아나 바위산 | 300 men skilled at climbing rocks scaled the steepest place at night using iron pegs and flax ropes and took the rock. Through this, Alexander obtained Roxana, daughter of Oxyartes, and married her. | 4.19.1–4.19.4 |
| 327 BC | 코리에네스의 바위 | Having finished Sogdiana, Alexander went to the land of the Paraitakai and attacked the rock where Chorienes had fled, about 20 stadia high and about 60 stadia around. | 4.21.1–4.21.10 |
| 327 BC | 아스파시오이 땅 (코에스 강 일대) | Alexander marched into the lands of the Aspasians, Guraians, and Assakenoi with shield-bearers, cavalry, and archers. | 4.23.1–4.23.5 |
| 327 BC | Massaga | When Alexander marched on Massaga, the large city of the Assakenoi, the garrison, with 7,000 Indian mercenaries, charged out. They tried to draw him away from the walls, and a battle broke out. | 4.25.1–4.25.7 |
| 326 BC | Aornos | Guided by the natives, he sent Ptolemy to take the easiest part of the rock first, and Alexander began the siege of Aornos. | 4.29 |
| 326 BC | Aornos | On the first day he built an earth mound one stadion long, and on the fourth day took a small hill to attack the rock. After taking Aornos he entered the land of the Assakenoi and came to the city of Dyrta. | 4.30 |
| 326 BC | Nysa | At Nysa, between the Kophen and Indus rivers, the citizens told Macedonians the Dionysus legend and were granted their freedom. | 5.2.1–5.2.7 |
| 326 BC | 인더스강 | Alexander reached the Indus and saw the bridge that Hephaestion had built and the two lines of thirty-oared ships. Taxiles sent him 200 talents of silver, 3,000 cattle, over 10,000 sheep, 30 elephants, and 700 cavalry. | 5.3.1–5.3.3 |
| 326 BC | Taxila | He crossed the Indus, made sacrifices, and marched on Taxila, where Taxiles handed over the city. Alexander set out for the Hydaspes river. | 5.8.1–5.8.2 |
| 326 BC | 히다스페스 강변 | When Alexander camped on the bank of the Hydaspes, Porus appeared across the river with an elephant corps and a large army and guarded every crossing point. Alexander moved his army back and forth to deceive him. | 5.9.1–5.9.4 |
| 326 BC | 히다스페스 강 곶과 섬 | Alexander took thirty-oared ships with half his shield-bearers and others and crossed by going around an island, landing on the far side. A scout sent by Porus noticed and rushed to inform him. | 5.14.1–5.14.5 |
| 326 BC | 히다스페스 강변 | By Ptolemy's report Alexander thought Porus was coming with his whole army, but when he confirmed the number of Indian troops he immediately charged with the cavalry. | 5.15.1–5.15.7 |
| 326 BC | 히다스페스 강변 | As the Indian cavalry gathered to resist, Coenus appeared from behind and blocked both sides, so the Indian formation fell into disorder. The Indian army withdrew between the elephants. | 5.18.1–5.18.2 |
| 326 BC | 히다스페스 강변 | Seeing Alexander's advantage, Craterus and others crossed the river and took up the pursuit. Fewer than 20,000 Indian infantry and 3,000 cavalry fell. Two sons of Porus died, and Porus surrendered. | 5.18.1–5.18.2 |
| 326 BC | Nikaia·Boukephala | Alexander asked Porus how he wished to be treated; he recognized him as king and formed a friendship with him. He founded Nikaia at the battle site and Boukephala at the crossing, in honor of his horse Bucephalus. | 5.19.1–5.19.6 |
| 326 BC | Akesines 강 | After finishing sacrifices and games on the bank of the Hydaspes, Alexander left Craterus to found a city and campaigned against neighboring Indian tribes. He then crossed the Akesines river by ships and inflated skins (Ptolemy's record gives its width as 15 stadia). | 5.20.1–5.20.8 |
| 326 BC | Sangala | He heard that the independent Indian tribes, including the Kathaioi, were preparing to fight near the fortified city of Sangala, and marched on. | 5.22.1–5.22.2 |
| 326 BC | Sangala | Alexander built an earth mound and a palisade between the lake and the wall in front of Sangala, blocked the escape routes through the night, and took the city. | 5.24.1–5.24.6 |
| 326 BC | 히파시스 강변 | On hearing that beyond the Hyphasis lay fertile land with many elephants, Alexander gave a speech to his officers to push further. | 5.25.1–5.25.6 |
| 326 BC | 히파시스 강변 | After a long silence, Coenus spoke on behalf of the army and urged turning back. | 5.27.1–5.27.9 |
| 326 BC | 히파시스 강변 | The army cheered and wept for joy. Alexander built altars as high as twelve towers to thank the gods and ordered them kept as a memorial. He then turned back toward the Hydraotes and the Akesines. Tradition | 5.29.1–5.29.5 |
| 326 BC | 히다스페스 강변 | He gathered boats to sail down the Hydaspes to the Great Sea. He recorded that he had seen crocodiles and Egyptian beans on the Indus, and thought he had found the source of the Nile. | 6.1.1–6.1.6 |
| 326 BC | 히다스페스 강변 | Coenus died of illness, and his funeral was held. Alexander set up Porus as king of seven tribes and over 2,000 cities he had conquered, and stationed fleets and troops. | 6.2.1–6.2.4 |
| 326 BC | 말로이 땅 (아케시네스 일대) | Alexander led shield-bearers, archers, Agrianians, and half the cavalry across a waterless land to attack the independent Mallian tribe. On the first day he camped at a small water source about 100 stadia from the Akesines. | 6.6.1–6.6.6 |
| 326 BC | 히드라오테스 강 | At dawn he reached the Hydraotes river and killed many Mallians who were in the middle of crossing. He crossed at the same ford and pursued them. | 6.7.1–6.7.6 |
| 326 BC | 말로이의 성채 | He split the army in two, and Alexander and Perdiccas attacked the walls. The Indian troops retreated into the citadel. Alexander entered first through a small gate. | 6.9 |
| 326 BC | 말로이의 성채 | After the ladders broke, a few men climbed over the walls, and Alexander was struck in the chest by an arrow and gravely wounded. Ptolemy wrote that air escaped from the wound along with blood. | 6.10.1–6.10.4 |
| 325 BC | 히드라오테스·아케시네스 합류 진영 | To prevent rebellion, Alexander went down the Hydraotes by boat. In the camp where the Hydraotes and Akesines met, Hephaestion commanded the army and Nearchus the fleet, and it is said the men raised their hands in greeting. | 6.13.1–6.13.5 |
| 325 BC | 아케시네스 하류 | The surviving Mallians and Oxydracians sent envoys with gifts asking to submit. | 6.14.1–6.14.5 |
| 325 BC | 아케시네스·인더스 합류점 | At the confluence of the Akesines and Indus he waited for Perdiccas's army, obtained new ships, and received envoys from the Ossadioi. | 6.15.1–6.15.7 |
| 325 BC | 옥시카노스의 땅 | Since Oxycanus did not come to surrender, Alexander stormed and took the two largest cities, capturing him in the second city. | 6.16 |
| 325 BC | Patala | Peithon brought in the rebel Musicanus, and Alexander left after either tearing down his city or stationing garrisons there, and went on to Patala. | 6.17.1–6.17.2 |
| 325 BC | 인더스 하구 | Going down the Indus he experienced tides for the first time; the ships ran aground on dry ground and then floated up again, which amazed him. | 6.19.1–6.19.5 |
| 325 BC | Patala | He returned to Patala, entrusted Hephaestion with fortifying the citadel and building a shipyard, and then explored the sea by another mouth of the river. | 6.20.1–6.20.5 |
| 325 BC | 오레이타이 땅 | Monsoon winds blocked the sea route, so he marched by land toward the Oritae to subdue them. | 6.21.1–6.21.3 |
| 325 BC | 가드로시아 접경 | At a narrow pass on the border of Gedrosia and the Oritae, most of the enemy fled as Alexander approached. | 6.22 |
| 325 BC | 가드로시아 사막 | The Gedrosian route had no water or supplies, and the army marched mostly at night. Alexander wanted to examine the coastal harbors and have wells dug. | 6.23 |
| 325 BC | Pura | About sixty days after leaving Ora, he reached Pura, the capital of Gedrosia. The sources describe this as the greatest hardship he suffered in Asia. | 6.24.1–6.24.6 |
| 325 BC | 가드로시아 사막 | On the march, thirsty, Alexander poured out in front of everyone the water a soldier had brought him in his helmet. | 6.26.1–6.26.5 |
| 325 BC | 가드로시아의 도읍 | He let the army rest in the Gedrosian capital. He dismissed Apollophanes for disobeying orders and made Thoas satrap, and when Thoas died, made Sibyrtius satrap. | 6.27.1–6.27.6 |
| 324 BC | Pasargadai | Alexander reached Pasargadae in Persis, and was saddened to find that the tomb of Cyrus had been broken into. | 6.29.1–6.29.11 |
| 324 BC | Persepolis | At the old palace in Persepolis, the governor Orxines was hanged for plundering the temples and royal tombs and for unjustly killing people. Peucestas was appointed satrap of Persis. | 6.30.1–6.30.3 |
| 324 BC | 페르시스 (칼라노스의 화장) | The Indian sage Calanus fell ill in Persis and told Alexander that he would not live in sickness and would end his own life. | 7.3.1–7.3.6 |
| 324 BC | Susa | In Susa, Abulites and his son were executed for misgovernment. At a joint wedding of Alexander and his companions he married Barsine, daughter of Darius, and others (Roxana was already his wife). | 7.4.1–7.4.8 |
| 324 BC | Susa | Alexander ordered a register made to pay off his soldiers' debts, but at first few people came forward to report them. | 7.5.1–7.5.6 |
| 324 BC | Susa | He called the 30,000 young men of the same age brought by the new cities and conquered-land governors the Epigonoi, and equipped and trained them in the Macedonian way. The Macedonians were resentful. | 7.6.1–7.6.5 |
| 324 BC | 에울라이오스 강 하구 (수시아나) | He had Hephaestion lead the main infantry to the Persian Gulf, while Alexander went down the Eulaeus river with the fleet to the sea. | 7.7.1–7.7.7 |
| 324 BC | Opis | At Opis Alexander declared that he would discharge the old and disabled soldiers, but the Macedonian soldiers took it as an insult and protested. | 7.8.1–7.8.2 |
| 324 BC | Opis | Alexander gave a speech recalling how Philip had raised the Macedonians from poor herdsmen to where they now stood. | 7.9.1–7.9.2 |
| 324 BC | Opis | Alexander shut himself in the palace for two days, and on the third day summoned the Persians and divided the command of the battalions among them. In the end the Macedonians came asking for reconciliation, and they were reconciled. | 7.11.1–7.11.9 |
| 324 BC | Opis | About 10,000 old and disabled Macedonians went home on their own, and Alexander added one talent per man for wages and travel costs. Craterus led them home. | 7.12.1–7.12.3 |
| 324 BC | Nisaean 평원 (메디아) | The quarrel between Hephaestion and Eumenes was settled by reconciliation. In the Nisaean plain of Media, where the royal mares were raised, he saw some 50,000 horses. | 7.13.1–7.13.6 |
| 324 BC | Ekbatana | At Ecbatana, while sacrifices, games, and drinking parties were underway, Hephaestion fell ill with fever. Alexander rushed to him, but he was already dead. | 7.14.1–7.14.10 |
| 324 BC | 코사이오이 산지 | After a long period of mourning, his companions led Alexander into a campaign against the Cossaeans, a warlike mountain tribe bordering the Uxians. | 7.15.1–7.15.6 |
| 323 BC | Tigris 건너 (바빌론 접근) | On the way to Babylon across the Tigris, Chaldaean philosophers warned from their oracles against his entry, but Alexander answered with a line of Euripides. Tradition | 7.16.1–7.16.5 |
| 323 BC | Babylon | On entering Babylon he met Greek envoys, treated them well, and sent them home. According to Aristobulus, Nearchus's fleet and ships that had been taken apart in Phoenicia and brought over joined him at Babylon. | 7.19.1–7.19.6 |
| 323 BC | Pallacopas 운하 (유프라테스) | Alexander went down the Euphrates to the Pallacopas canal, about 800 stadia from Babylon, to inspect the regulation of its flow. | 7.21 |
| 323 BC | Babylon | When Alexander returned to Babylon, Peucestas arrived leading 20,000 Persians and others, and Philoxenus and Menander joined him with their troops. | 7.23.1–7.23.8 |
| 323 BC | Babylon | While Alexander left the throne, thirsty, an unnamed man sat on it, and the seers interpreted this as an ill omen. | 7.24.1–7.24.4 |
| 323 BC | Babylon | According to the royal journal, after drinking and bathing at Medius's house and drinking again, he began to run a fever; from the next day he was carried to make sacrifices, and the fever continued through the night. | 7.25.1–7.25.6 |
| 323 BC | Babylon | The journal records that soldiers, hearing rumors, crowded in to see Alexander for the last time, and that he could not speak and greeted them with his eyes. Alexander died. | 7.26.1–7.26.3 |
| 323 BC | Babylon | Alexander died in the 114th Olympiad, in the archonship of Hegesias. Aristobulus: he lived 32 years and 8 months and reigned 12 years and 8 months. | 7.28.1–7.28.3 |
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