Ibn Battuta, Travels: a Chronicle / record source. Covers AD 1325 – 1348, with 100 events in chronological order. Text license and provenance included.
| Type | Chronicle / record |
|---|---|
| Viewpoint | Outsider account |
| Years covered | AD 1325 – 1348 |
| Events | 100 events, 72 placed on the map |
| Author | Ibn Battuta |
| Original title | Voyages d'Ibn Batoutah, t. III (Defrémery–Sanguinetti) |
Regions: South Asia 69 · Central Asia 21 · West Asia 5
| Year | Place | Event | Passage |
|---|---|---|---|
| AD 1325 | Delhi | Translator's chronology: In Rabi I of 725 AH (February–March 1325), Muhammad ascends the throne | Avertissement p.xx (번역자 연표) |
| AD 1326 – 1327 | Daulatabad (Diouguir) | Translator's chronology: Muhammad goes to Deogir (Daulatabad) and conceives the intention of making it the capital in place of Delhi | Avertissement p.xx (번역자 연표; 본문 p.314 참조) |
| AD 1327 | Delhi | The author's criticism: the sultan expelled all the inhabitants of Delhi and resettled them, one of the heaviest accusations | III p.314-316 (연표는 727년에 비정) |
| AD 1327 | Multan | Translator's chronology: Malik Bahram Aiyah (Kashlu Khan), governor of Multan, rebels | Avertissement p.xx (본문 p.322-323 참조) |
| AD 1327 | Delhi | Translator's chronology: Chaghatai Khan Tarmashirin invades India and reaches the gates of Delhi; Muhammad buys peace, but because of this fear he is confined to Delhi for three years | Avertissement p.xx (번역자 연표) |
| AD 1332 – 1333 | Seratchouk (Saraichik) | Leaving Sarai, after ten days' walk they reach Serachuk ('Little Sarai'). A pontoon bridge spans the great river (Ural/Yaik). There they sell the horses that pulled the carts (no more than four dinars of silver each) and hire camels to draw the wagons | III p.1 |
| AD 1332 – 1333 | Köneürgenç (Kharezm) | Leaving Serachuk, they cross thirty days of desert at a brisk pace, halting only twice a day (about ten in the morning and at sunset) for two hours each time, and reach Khwarazm. Water comes only from wells and rain, two to three days apart | III p.2-3 |
| AD 1332 – 1333 | Köneürgenç (Kharezm) | They are received by the governor of Khwarazm, the emir of Uzbek Khan, Qutlugh Dumur. The emir, with his foot bandaged for gout, sits and asks about the khan, the khatun and Constantinople; a feast of roast chicken, crane and pomegranates is laid out | III p.10-11 |
| AD 1332 – 1333 | Köneürgenç (Kharezm) | The emir orders a gift of 1,000 dirhams of silver (about 300 gold dinars) for the traveler, following the qadi's advice that giving it whole is better than spending five hundred on a feast; with this money, a black horse is bought for 35 silver dinars | III p.12-13 |
| AD 1332 – 1333 | Köneürgenç (Kharezm) | The emir's wife, Torabek Khatun, holds a feast at a monastery she founded, gathering scholars and leading citizens, and gives gifts of sable furs and fine horses | III p.14 |
| AD 1332 – 1333 | Beruniy (Kath) | Setting out from Khwarazm on the eighteen-day desert road to Bukhara, they reach Kath, the only settlement on the route, in four days, and stay beside a frozen pond | III p.19-20 |
| AD 1332 – 1333 | Wabkeneh | From Kath, six days by a route without water bring them to Wabkeneh, one day from Bukhara. There grapes are kept until the next year, and plums are dried and sold to India and China | III p.21 |
| AD 1332 – 1333 | Bukhara | After walking all day between gardens and canals, they reach Bukhara. Destroyed by Genghis Khan, most of its mosques, schools, and markets lie in ruins; the author writes that its people have a bad reputation for partiality and deceit, so their testimony is not accepted | III p.22 |
| AD 1332 – 1333 | Bukhara | He stays at the Saif al-Din Bakharzi monastery at Fetli Abad ('Abode of Victory'), outside Bukhara. The superior holds a feast with Qur'an recitation and Turkish and Persian songs | III p.27-28 |
| AD 1332 – 1333 | Bukhara | He visits the tomb of the hadith scholar al-Bukhari. The tombstones of Bukhara's scholars were inscribed with their names and works; the author notes that his copy of these inscriptions was later lost when he was robbed at sea in India | III p.28 |
| AD 1332 – 1333 | Qarshi (Nakhcheb) | Leaving Bukhara for the camp of Sultan Tarmashirin, he passes through Nakhshab and stays outside the walls at the governor's house | III p.28-29 |
| AD 1332 – 1333 | 술탄 타르마시린의 진영 (ordou) | Reaches the sultan's camp the same evening at Nakhshab. The sultan is away hunting, so he meets the deputy emir, Tughbugha, and is assigned a tent (khargah) beside the mosque | III p.29-30 |
| AD 1332 – 1333 | 술탄 타르마시린의 진영 (ordou) | The pregnant slave woman he had brought gives birth that night in the tent. He hears it is a boy, but a week later it turns out to be a girl; the author notes in advance that this girl dies two months after they reach India | III p.30 |
| AD 1333 | 술탄 타르마시린의 진영 (ordou) | After several days at the camp, one dawn after prayer, he meets Sultan Ala al-Din Tarmashirin at the mosque. The sultan greets him in Turkish, calls him into his tent, and asks about Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem, Damascus, Egypt and the two Iraqs | III p.33-35 |
| AD 1333 | 술탄 타르마시린의 진영 (ordou) | After staying fifty-four days beside the sultan, when he is about to leave he receives 700 silver dinars, a sable fur robe worth 100 dinars, two horses and two camels; the sultan puts the fur on him himself | III p.38-39 |
| AD 1333 | Samarkand | He parts from Tarmashirin and goes to Samarkand. Along the Foulons (fullers') river stand waterwheels and irrigated gardens, but much of the palace and city lies destroyed, with neither walls nor gates left; the author writes that the people are friendlier to strangers than those of Bukhara | III p.51-52 |
| AD 1333 | Termez | From Samarkand, via Nasaf, he reaches Termez and stays at the monastery of Shaykh Ajizan | III p.56-57 |
| AD 1333 | Termez | He meets the qadi of Termez, Kiyam al-Din, who was on his way to seek permission to travel to India; later, at Multan, he and the qadi's brothers went to India together | III p.57-58 |
| AD 1333 | Balkh | Crossing the Oxus (Jayhun) into Khurasan, after a day and a half through desert and sandy ground he reaches the ruined city of Balkh. Its solid buildings still look like a thriving city, but no one lives there | III p.58 |
| AD 1333 | Herat | Leaving Balkh, after seven days through the mountains of Kuhistan he reaches Herat, one of the two prosperous cities among Khurasan's four great cities (the other being Nishapur) | III p.63-64 |
| AD 1333 | Torbat-e Jam (Djam) | From Herat he goes to Jam. It is a beautiful medium-sized city of mulberry trees and silk, said to have been founded by Shihab al-Din Ahmad Jam, and it has a monastery | III p.75 |
| AD 1333 | Mashhad (Mechhed Arridha) | From Jam he goes through Tus to the tomb of Imam Ali al-Rida (Mashhad al-Rida). Opposite the dome decorated with silver plates and silver lamps is the tomb of Harun al-Rashid | III p.77-79 |
| AD 1333 | Sarakhs | From Mashhad he goes to Sarakhs, home of Shaykh Luqman Sarakhsi | III p.79 |
| AD 1333 | Torbat-e Heydarieh (Zaveh) | From Sarakhs he goes to Zaveh, the home of Shaykh Qutb al-Din Haydar, of the Haydari dervish order, whose members hang iron rings on their bodies | III p.79-80 |
| AD 1333 | Nishapur | He leaves Zaveh and arrives at Nishapur, one of Khurasan's four great cities. Called 'Little Damascus', it has a mosque in the middle of the market, adjoining four schools; silk and velvet woven there are exported to India. He stays at Shaykh Qutb al-Din's monastery | III p.80-81 |
| AD 1333 | Bestham | From Nishapur he goes to Bistam, home of the saint Abu Yazid al-Bistami; his tomb is there, and he stays at the monastery of the saint | III p.82 |
| AD 1333 | Kunduz | Fearing the snows of the Hindu Kush, he stays about forty days near Kunduz, fattening up camels and horses. Under the strict justice of Emir Borlatay he is safe, and when horses disappear, the Tatars return them | III p.82-84 |
| AD 1333 | Anderab | He waits for warm weather to cross the Hindu Kush, 'killer of Indians'; he sets out toward the end of the night, going nonstop until the next evening, with felt spread before the camels. Having crossed, he reaches the old city site of Andarab | III p.84-85 |
| AD 1333 | Parwan (Charikar 근사) | Passing the old ruins of Penjhir and the mountain of Pashai, where he meets Shaykh Ata Awliya, said to be 350 years old, he reaches Parwan and meets Emir Borlatay, who writes a letter to the officials of Ghazna asking that he be treated well | III p.86-88 |
| AD 1333 | Ghazni | Passing Charkh, he arrives at Ghazna, the capital of Sultan Mahmud, now mostly in ruins, its people moving to Kandahar in winter. He is hosted in a village on the riverbank below the citadel by Emir Merdek Aga | III p.88-89 |
| AD 1333 | Kabul | From Ghazna he goes to Kabul; the old great city is now a village of Afghan tribes, who are notorious as mountain bandits | III p.89-90 |
| AD 1333 | Kermach 요새 | Passing the Kermakh fortress between two mountains, he fights off a band of Afghan robbers on the hillside with arrows. Separated from the line because of his camels, he rejoins it after evening prayer, and spends the night at the post station of Charkh Nagar | III p.90-91 |
| AD 1333 | 인더스(Sind·Pendj-ab) 강변 | Leaving Charkh Nagar, the last settlement in Turkish lands, he enters a great desert of fifteen days. It can be crossed only in early July after the rains, and the poisonous wind (asamum) blows, rotting corpses. Khudawandzada's party went ahead; many camels and horses died, but they safely reached the Panjab (Indus) | III p.91-92 |
| AD 1333 | 인더스(Sind·Pendj-ab) 강변 | Reaching the banks of the Indus (Panjab, 'five rivers'), that night he sees the new moon of Muharram 734 AH (12 September 1333). From here the lands of Sultan Muhammad Shah begin, and the news officials report his arrival to the governor of Multan | III p.92-94 |
| AD 1333 | 인더스(Sind·Pendj-ab) 강변 | The news officials report the travelers' arrival to Qutb al-Mulk, governor of Multan, and this report is passed on by post (barid) to the Delhi sultan too. The governor of Sind is Sertiz, a former slave, at Sehwan | III p.94 |
| AD 1333 | 인더스(Sind·Pendj-ab) 강변 | After crossing the Indus, a rhinoceros (karkaddan) emerges from the reeds, gores a horseman's mount and runs away. He sees another during the journey and once more later on a hunt with the sultan | III p.100-101 |
| AD 1333 | Djenany | After crossing the Indus and walking two days, he reaches Janani, a large and beautiful city on the riverbank, home of the Samira tribe, with an elegant market | III p.101 |
| AD 1333 | Sehwan | He enters Sehwan in the height of summer; the party went about naked, wrapped in wet cloth. He sees the letter of appointment of Caliph Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, kept by a family of preachers | III p.103-105 |
| AD 1333 | Sehwan | Hindu Ratan, minister of Sind, is killed by discontented emirs, who seize twelve lakhs from the Delhi treasury and raise Unar as king. Sertiz of Multan comes to suppress them and besieges Sehwan, forcing its surrender after forty days; then, breaking his promise, he executes and beheads them | III p.105-108 |
| AD 1333 | Sehwan | After the battle he stays in the great school of Sehwan, but while sleeping on the roof he sees hanging from the walls stuffed hides and heaps of heads, cannot sleep, and leaves | III p.108 |
| AD 1333 | Lahari (Larri Bender) | Going down the Indus with the fifteen ships of Qadi Allah al-Mulk, governor of Lahri, a native of Herat, he reaches the coastal town of Lahri in five days. He describes in detail the ships' military band, fixed meals and night watch rules | III p.109-113 |
| AD 1333 | Tarna 평원 | Seven miles outside Lahri, on the Tarna plain, he sees ruins with heaps of stones that have hardened into the shapes of men, beasts and grain, with inscriptions in Indian script; he hears the legend that the people of a sinful city were turned to stone | III p.113-114 |
| AD 1333 | Sukkur (Bacar) | After five days in Lahri, he goes to the beautiful city of Bacar. A canal drawn from the Indus cuts through the city, and there is a monastery built by Kashlu Khan | III p.114-115 |
| AD 1333 | Uch (Oudjah) | From Bacar he goes to Uch (Oudjah) on the bank of the Indus. He forms a friendship with the brave and generous Emir Jalal al-Din al-Kiji, and receives a dervish robe from Shaykh Qutb al-Din Haydar (later stolen at sea) | III p.115-116 |
| AD 1333 | Multan | From Uch he reaches Multan, capital of Sind. Ten miles ahead, crossing the Hosreb Abad River by boat, they are to be inspected for baggage, but an official of the governor comes and exempts them from inspection | III p.116-118 |
| AD 1333 | Multan | Governor Qutb al-Mulk of Multan rises, takes his hand and seats him beside him. The author presents slaves, horses, raisins and almonds. The governor has him watch trials of volunteer archers and horsemen, and lodges him in a house in a monastery outside the walls | III p.118-120 |
| AD 1334 | Multan | Two months after arriving at Multan, the chamberlain Shams al-Din al-Buhenji and the police chief arrive, sent by the sultan. The sultan sends robes of honor and travel money for foreigners who come to Delhi, and orders that those coming from Khurasan be accepted only if they wish to settle | III p.121-122 |
| AD 1334 | Multan | The author declares he has come to stay near the sultan, and signs with his party an oath drawn up by the qadi and notary (some companions refuse) | III p.122 |
| AD 1334 | Multan | From Multan to Delhi is a forty-day journey through inhabited land. The chamberlain went ahead at night and at each station about twenty cooks prepared meals to host Khudawandzada's party; all stayed in separate tents | III p.122-125 |
| AD 1334 | Abohar | Leaving Multan, the first full-fledged Indian city he enters is Abuhar (Abouher). It is small but has a river and trees, and grows the nebek tree, whose fruit is as large as a gall-nut and sweet | III p.125 |
| AD 1334 | Abohar | Around noon at Abuhar, having left about 22 riders behind, he is attacked on the plain by about 80 Hindu fighters (80 infantry, 2 cavalry). He kills one horseman and about twelve infantry and is hit by two arrows but survives. This is his first battle in India | III p.134 |
| AD 1334 | Abu Baqhar 성 | He takes the heads of the slain to the fort of Abu Bakhar and at night hangs them on the walls | III p.135 |
| AD 1334 | Pakpattan (Ajodhan) | Two days later he arrives at Ajodhan, a small town of Farid al-Din. He conveys the greetings of the Shaykh of Alexandria to the mad shaykh who had been the sultan's teacher; his son Alam al-Din lets him see his father, and he receives sugar as a gift | III p.135-136 |
| AD 1334 | Pakpattan (Ajodhan) | On his way back from the shaykh, his companions tell him of a Hindu man's cremation, where the wife burns alive embracing her husband's corpse. He later sees such sati repeatedly in India | III p.136-137 |
| AD 1334 | Amdjery | Later, in Amdjeri, where there are many Hindus, a Muslim emir attacks the Hindu rebels; when seven Hindus die, three of their wives ride to the forest pond after a three-day feast and throw themselves into the fire. The author nearly falls from his horse at the sight | III p.137-141 |
| AD 1334 | Sirsa (Sarsati) | Walking four days from Ajodhan, he reaches Sarsati, a large city rich in rice, which is exported to Delhi | III p.142 |
| AD 1334 | Hansi | From Sarsati he goes to Hansi, one of the most beautiful and populous cities. Surrounded by strong walls, it is the home of the brothers of Kamal al-Din, the chief qadi of Delhi | III p.143 |
| AD 1334 | Mas'ud Abad | From Hansi it takes two days to reach Masud Abad, ten miles short of Delhi, where he waits three days. The sultan has gone to Kanauj, ten days from Delhi; the vizier Khwaja Jahan sends officials to meet them | III p.143-145 |
| AD 1334 | Kannauj | At this time Sultan Muhammad Shah is out in the Kanauj region, ten days' walk from Delhi; in Delhi there are only his mother, Al-Makhdum Jahan, and the vizier Khwaja Jahan | III p.144-145 |
| AD 1334 | Delhi | From Masud Abad, after a night beside the village of Palam, the next day they arrive at Delhi, India's capital, which is introduced as the greatest city of the Eastern Islamic world, with walls unmatched in the world | III p.145-146 |
| AD 1334 | Delhi | In Delhi, with the sultan absent, the party passes in turn through the first, second and third gates of the palace | III p.374-376 |
| AD 1334 | Delhi | Hospitality at the palace of the sultan's mother, Al-Makhdum Jahan ('Mistress of the World'). The author notes she was one of the most virtuous women and founded many monasteries | III p.376-379 |
| AD 1334 | Delhi | A month and a half after arriving in Delhi, an infant daughter (probably the daughter born earlier, mentioned on p.30) dies. He describes the funeral rites in detail | III p.381-383 |
| AD 1334 | Delhi | During his stay in Delhi, the sultan orders several villages yielding 5,000 dinars a year to be given to him. The vizier and council members also send gifts | III p.388 |
| AD 1334 | Delhi | At the festival ending the fast (1 Shawwal), held while the sultan is absent, he watches a procession of preachers riding elephants. The sultan has not yet returned to Delhi | III p.390 |
| AD 1334 | Tilbat 성 | On 4 Shawwal, when the sultan arrives at Tilbat castle seven miles from Delhi, the foreign party goes out to meet him by the vizier's order and sees the sultan | III p.391 |
| AD 1334 | Delhi | Two days after the sultan's arrival, on Friday, the foreign party goes to the gate of the great hall, has an audience with the sultan, and receives favors and offices | III p.396-402 |
| AD 1334 – 1341 | Delhi | The author is appointed judge (qadi) of Delhi. Soon after, in the audience hall, the sultan intends to give a second gift of silver, but payment is delayed | III p.402-406 |
| AD 1334 – 1341 | Delhi | He joins the sultan's hunting procession without delay. During the hunt, the sultan asks whether the Egyptian sultan also rides camels; he tells of the Mahri camel and ends up offering a camel | III p.414-422 |
| AD 1334 – 1341 | Delhi | The sultan is delighted to receive one camel, and the author offers two more with sweets; the exchange began from the question during the hunt about whether the Egyptian king rides camels | III p.421 |
| AD 1335 – 1336 | Balkh | Two years after arriving in India, he learns that Tatar nobles had made his cousin Buzun king and deposed Tarmashirin for violating Genghis Khan's law code. Tarmashirin, trying to flee to Ghazna with only fifteen men, was seized at Balkh by the men of his nephew Yanki and imprisoned | III p.39-43 |
| AD 1337 – 1338 | Karachil 산 (히말라야) | Translator's chronology: Muhammad sends 100,000 cavalry led by Khusraw Malik, his sister's son, to the Karachil (Himalayan) hills and they are crushed; the text says this mountain is ten days from Delhi and three months long | Avertissement p.xx; III p.325-327 |
| AD 1338 – 1339 | Ma'bar 지방 | Sharif Jalal al-Din Ahsan Shah, whom the sultan appointed governor of Mabar province, rebels | III p.328 |
| AD 1340 – 1341 | Delhi | Every year on 9 January the sultan leaves Delhi to strike the rebels of the Mabar province; the author had already been ordered to remain in Delhi | III p.427 |
| AD 1340 – 1341 | Amroha | The vizier gave him a deed for grain for the monastery: 10,000 mans already delivered, the rest to be received at Hazar Amrouha. The author goes to Amrouha to collect the grain | III p.436 |
| AD 1340 – 1341 | The sultan, going to Mabar, at Tilang saw an epidemic spread in the army; he returned to Daulatabad, had a camp built on the banks of the Ganges, and stayed there. The author goes to the sultan at this camp | III p.443 | |
| AD 1340 – 1341 | Delhi | The author's visit to Shaykh Shihab al-Din (son of al-Jam'), a cave-dweller outside Delhi, angers the sultan, and he is nearly punished; the author writes that God saved him Tradition | III p.444 |
| AD 1340 – 1341 | The sultan orders the abolition of trade duties in all his territories, leaving only one tax called alms (tithe) | III p.288 | |
| AD 1341 | Sehwan | Hearing that the sultan is in Sehwan province, he goes there dressed as a monk; he declines the call to return to office and asks to travel to Hijaz, which is allowed. He enters the monastery named after King Bashir (late February, 742 AH) | III p.446-447 |
| AD 1341 – 1342 | After forty days at the monastery, the sultan sends a saddled horse, male and female slaves, clothes and expenses to make the author an envoy to China; the author accepts. (This ends the third volume) | III p.448 | |
| AD 1341 – 1342 | Delhi | In India and Sind a drought hits: a mann of wheat becomes six gold coins, and the sultan orders grain distributed. The translator's chronology notes that Delhi was in a great famine | III p.290; 연표 742년 |
| AD 1341 – 1342 | Warangal | When the sultan reaches Tilang, an epidemic spreads through the army. (Translator's chronology: after staying ten days at Warangal, he himself falls ill and returns to Daulatabad) | III p.334 |
| AD 1341 – 1342 | Daulatabad (Diouguir) | On the way back to Daulatabad, when the sultan falls ill, a false rumor that he has died spreads, which leads to King Hohenji fleeing | III p.335 |
| AD 1341 – 1342 | As famine spreads through the provinces, the sultan camps with his army on the banks of the Ganges, ten days' distance from Delhi. Ain al-Mulk, governor of Oudh, rebels | III p.341 | |
| AD 1341 – 1342 | Multan | In Multan province, Shah Afghan rebels against the sultan, kills the emir there, and aims at the sultan's throne | III p.362 |
| AD 1345 – 1346 | Khambhat (Cambaie) | Near Cambay, Qadi Jalal al-Din rises in revolt with bands of Afghans (the cause for the sultan to go to Gujarat) | III p.363-365 |
| AD 1345 – 1346 | Khambhat (Cambaie) | The Delhi emperor learns of the events at Cambay and Daulatabad and personally leads an army out; he decides to strike Cambay first | III p.366 |
| AD 1345 – 1346 | Daulatabad (Diouguir) | The rebels enter the Daulatabad citadel and proclaim Ismail Afghan as king, and the sultan besieges the city. The siege lasted nearly three months, but a new revolt broke out in Gujarat, so he left part of his army behind and departed | Avertissement p.xxiv; III p.368-369 |
| AD 1347 | Herat | Khalil wins all of Transoxiana, but as his power grows he rebels against his patron, Husayn, king of Herat; his army does not follow him, and he is defeated and captured. Husayn spares his life, keeps him at court, and gives him slaves and a pension. The author notes this was the situation when he left India at the end of 747 AH (April 1347) | III p.51 |
| AD 1347 – 1348 | Herat | The Shia power Sarbadar ('Rafida') takes Tus, Sarakhs and Jam and threatens Herat; Husayn leads 120,000 people of Herat and Shamanan out to face him on the plain of Bushanj. At first the fight is evenly matched, but Rafida's army is pushed back; Sultan Mahmud flees, and Caliph Hasan dies | III p.66-69 |
| — | Bukhara | Tales of Genghis Khan heard on the journey: he clashed with Jalal al-Din, king of Khwarazm, took Transoxiana, and destroyed Bukhara, Samarkand, and Termez; he crossed the river and attacked Balkh and Bamiyan. The account goes on to say that he also massacred the Caliph of Baghdad | III p.22-26 |
| — | Multan | In Sind, a man claiming to be Tarmashirin appears; Sertiz of Multan welcomes him with honor in a tent, and the physician of the king of Delhi confirms by a scar on his leg that he is the real one. However, the king of Delhi brands him an impostor and expels him from India and Sind | III p.44-47 |
| — | Khalil, with the army of Husayn, king of Herat, attacks Buzun, the tyrannical ruler; Buzun's army goes over to Khalil, and Buzun is handed over in chains and strangled with a bowstring | III p.47-48 | |
| — | Taraz (Tharaz) | Khalil engages the Tatars near Taraz, three days from Almalik; Khudawandzada charges with twenty thousand Muslims and routs the Tatars | III p.49 |
| — | Herat | Nizam al-Din, a jurist of Herat, punishes a drunken Turkish emir and rescues a captured Muslim woman. Emir Tomurlati plunders Herat's horses and demands that Nizam al-Din be handed over. The shaykh takes him away, but Tomurlati kills him with a mace blow to the head | III p.70-73 |