Xenophon, Anabasis (March of the Ten Thousand): a Standard history source. Covers 401 BC – 399 BC, with 75 events in chronological order. Text license and provenance included.
| Type | Standard history |
|---|---|
| Viewpoint | Insider account |
| Years covered | 401 BC – 399 BC |
| Events | 75 events, 55 placed on the map |
| Author | 크세노폰 (Xenophon) |
| Original title | Κύρου Ἀνάβασις |
Regions: West Asia 75
| Year | Place | Event | Passage |
|---|---|---|---|
| 401 BC | Sardis | Cyrus recalls the army besieging Miletus and invites the Milesian exiles to join the expedition; they gather under arms at Sardis. | 1.2.2 |
| 401 BC | Maeander river | Cyrus's army reaches the Maeander river. | 1.2.5 |
| 401 BC | Colossae | They arrive at Colossae. | 1.2.6 |
| 401 BC | Celaenae | They arrive at Celaenae, where there is Cyrus's palace and a great hunting park full of wild animals; the Maeander runs through the park and the city. | 1.2.7 |
| 401 BC | Peltae | They arrive at Peltae and stay three days for the festival of Zeus Lykaios. | 1.2.10 |
| 401 BC | Ceramon-agora | They arrive at Ceramon-agora. | 1.2.10 |
| 401 BC | Caystru-pedion | They stay five days on the Caystru plain; the soldiers repeatedly come to demand the pay owed for more than three months, and Cyrus, troubled, gives only hopes. | 1.2.11 |
| 401 BC | Thymbrium | They arrive at Thymbrium. | 1.2.13 |
| 401 BC | Tyriaeum | They arrive at Tyriaeum and stay three days; at the request of the queen of Cilicia, Cyrus reviews the Greek and foreign troops on the plain. | 1.2.14 |
| 401 BC | Iconium | They arrive at Iconium, the last city of Phrygia, and stay three days. | 1.2.19 |
| 401 BC | Lycaonia | Passing through Lycaonia, which they regard as enemy land, they are allowed to plunder. | 1.2.19 |
| 401 BC | Dana | At Dana in Cappadocia they stay three days; the queen of Cilicia is sent back under Menon's escort, and Cyrus executes Megaphernes, a Persian, and another high officer on suspicion of conspiracy. | 1.2.20 |
| 401 BC | Cilician Gates | They try to enter Cilicia. The road up to the Cilician Gates is steep, and Syennesis was said to hold the heights; but learning that Menon's troops had already entered Cilicia and the fleet was coming, they abandon the heights, and Cyrus waits a day on the plain. | 1.2.21 |
| 401 BC | Tarsus | They arrive at Tarsus, having descended to the plain and marched four days; it is a large and prosperous city, the seat of Syennesis, king of Cilicia, and the river Cydnus, two plethra wide, flows through its middle. | 1.2.23 |
| 401 BC | Tarsus | They stay twenty days at Tarsus. The soldiers refuse to go farther, suspecting they are to fight the Great King; Clearchus first tries to force the march and is pelted with stones by the soldiers. | 1.3.1 |
| 401 BC | Issus | They arrive at Issus, the last city of Cilicia, a large and prosperous city on the sea. | 1.4.1 |
| 401 BC | Psarus river | They cross the river Psarus. | 1.4.1 |
| 401 BC | Pyramus river | They cross the river Pyramus. | 1.4.1 |
| 401 BC | Gates of Cilicia/Syria | They reach the pass between Cilicia and Syria: between two walls flows the river Carsus; the Cilician side is held by Syennesis's garrison, and the Syrian side is said to be held by the Great King's garrison. | 1.4.4 |
| 401 BC | Myriandus | They arrive at Myriandus and stay seven days; it is a coastal trading city of the Phoenicians, where many merchant ships anchor. | 1.4.6 |
| 401 BC | Chalus river | They reach the river Chalus: there are large fish and doves that the Syrians consider divine and do not harm; the camp village is an estate allotted to Parysatis's girdle. | 1.4.9 |
| 401 BC | Dardas river | They approach the source of the river Dardas, where the palace and great park of Belesys, former satrap of all Syria, stand; Cyrus cuts down the park and burns the palace. | 1.4.10 |
| 401 BC | Thapsacus | They arrive at Thapsacus and stay five days; there Cyrus first declares that he is going to fight the Great King. | 1.4.11 |
| 401 BC | Thapsacus | Cyrus crosses the Euphrates, and the whole army follows; no one gets wet above the chest. Menon's troops wish Cyrus success, and Menon is said to have received generous gifts. | 1.4.17 |
| 401 BC | Araxes (Khabur) river | They reach the river Araxes (Khabur). After nine days' march through Syria, they stay three days in villages full of grain and wine to resupply. | 1.4.19 |
| 401 BC | Corsote | They arrive at Corsote, a large abandoned city in the desert, completely encircled by the river Masccas, one plethron wide. | 1.5.4 |
| 401 BC | Pylae (Babylonia) | They reach the Pylae of Babylonia. After staying three days, they keep the Euphrates on their right and march thirteen days through the desert; with no fodder, many beasts starve. | 1.5.5 |
| 401 BC | Charmande | Charmande: a prosperous large city across the river. The soldiers cross the river on rafts of inflated hides stuffed with straw, and buy date wine and millet bread. | 1.5.10 |
| 401 BC | Babylon | They enter the land of Babylonia and march three days. On the third night, at midnight, Cyrus reviews the Greek and foreign troops, giving the right wing to Clearchus and the left to Menon. | 1.7.1 |
| 401 BC | Babylonian trench | On the day they march in battle formation, they meet a deep trench in the middle of the route, five orguiai wide and three deep. Cyrus thinks the Great King will come to fight that day. | 1.7.14 |
| 401 BC | Cunaxa | On the eve of the battle of Cunaxa, Cyrus advances in battle formation. | 1.7.14 |
| 401 BC | Cunaxa | Battle of Cunaxa: Cyrus sees the Great King and the close-packed troops around him, charges at them, pierces the breastplate and wounds him in the chest (per the testimony of the physician Ctesias). | 1.8.26 |
| 401 BC | Cunaxa | Cyrus's head and right hand are cut off. The Great King, chasing Ariaeus, breaks into Cyrus's camp; Ariaeus's army flees as far as the camp they left that morning, about four parasangs away. | 1.10.1 |
| 401 BC | Cunaxa | Messengers from the Great King and Tissaphernes arrive; among the Greeks, Phalinus, who is respected by Tissaphernes and claims expertise in tactics and heavy infantry, is one of them. | 2.1.7 |
| 401 BC | Cunaxa | The Greek commanders, together with Ariaeus and his highest-ranking companions, swear an alliance of no betrayal; the foreigners add a further oath that they will guide them without deceit. | 2.2.8 |
| 401 BC | Babylon | After three days' march they reach the so-called Median wall and enter inside it: a wall of baked brick and asphalt, twenty feet wide and a hundred feet high, twenty parasangs long. | 2.4.12 |
| 401 BC | Sittace | They cross two canals (one with a fixed bridge, one with a bridge of seven boats) and reach the Tigris; near Sittace, a large and populous city fifteen stadia from the river. | 2.4.13 |
| 401 BC | Opis | They reach the river Physcus (with a bridge) and the large city of Opis. Cyrus's younger brother, a son of Darius who had led a great army from Susa and Ecbatana, watches the Greek army pass. | 2.4.25 |
| 401 BC | Villages of Parysatis | After crossing the Median desert, they reach the villages of Parysatis; Tissaphernes allows them to plunder. | 2.4.27 |
| 401 BC | Zapatas (Great Zab) river | They reach the river Zapatas (Great Zab) and stay three days. Suspicion spreads, but no plot is revealed. | 2.5.1 |
| 401 BC | Zapatas (Great Zab) river | Five commanders (Proxenus, Menon, Agias, Clearchus, Socrates) arrive at Tissaphernes's gate and are called inside, while the other officers wait outside the gate. | 2.5.31 |
| 401 BC | Zapatas (Great Zab) river | Xenophon cannot sleep for anxiety, and in a brief sleep he dreams: thunder and lightning strike his father's house, and the whole house bursts into flames. | 3.1.11 |
| 401 BC | Larisa | They arrive at Larisa, a large deserted fortress of the ancient Medes. | 3.4.7 |
| 401 BC | Mespila | Marching six parasangas a day, they arrive at Mespila, a large fortress abandoned and in ruins, once said to have been inhabited by the Medes; its walls of shell-studded stone are fifty feet in width and height. | 3.4.10 |
| 401 BC | Carduchian mountains | The prisoners show them the road: to the south are Babylon and Media, to the east Susa and Ecbatana, to the west across the river Lydia and Ionia, and to the north, over the mountains, the land of the Carduchi. | 3.5.15 |
| 401 BC – 400 BC | Centrites river | They camp in the upper villages above the plain by the river Centrites, which marks the border between Armenia and the land of the Carduchi (about two plethra wide); the Greeks catch their breath when they see the plain. | 4.3.1 |
| 400 BC | Armenia | They march across the plain of Armenia, passing the source of the Tigris. | 4.4.3 |
| 400 BC | Teleboas river | After three days' march they reach the river Teleboas, not large but beautiful, with many villages around it. | 4.4.3 |
| 400 BC | Armenia | After three days' march over level ground they reach a palace and nearby villages full of provisions; Tiribazus and his army follow about ten stadia behind. | 4.4.7 |
| 400 BC | Armenia | They cross the upper Euphrates on foot; the water reaches the navel. | 4.5.2 |
| 400 BC | Armenia | They march three days across a plain covered with snow; on the third day a north wind blowing straight in their faces freezes everything, and the soldiers' bodies freeze. | 4.5.3 |
| 400 BC | Armenia | Polycrates raids the village allotted to Xenophon, seizing the headman and all the inhabitants, seventeen colts destined for the Great King, and the headman's daughter, who had been married eight days. | 4.5.24 |
| 400 BC | Phasis (Araxes) river | They arrive at the river Phasis (Araxes); seven days' march, five parasangas a day. | 4.6.4 |
| 400 BC | Taochians | Five days' march into the land of the Taochians; the Taochians have piled all their food in fortresses, so the army's provisions run out. | 4.7.1 |
| 400 BC | Chalybians | Seven days' march through the land of the Chalybians, the most valiant of the tribes they have passed and the one that fights hand to hand; they wear linen breastplates. | 4.7.15 |
| 400 BC | Scythinians | Marching through the land of the Scythinians, they stay three days in a village and lay in provisions. | 4.7.18 |
| 400 BC | Gymnias | They arrive at Gymnias, a large city; its ruler sends them guides so they can pass through the region hostile to him. | 4.7.19 |
| 400 BC | Mount Theches | From Mount Theches they see the sea, and shout: Thalatta! Thalatta! | 4.7.24 |
| 400 BC | Macronians | Three days' march through the land of the Macrones; on the first day they cross the river that divides the territories of the Macrones and the Scythinians. | 4.8.1 |
| 400 BC | Colchians | The Colchians draw up their battle line on a high mountain; the Greeks also form their line, and the commanders gather to confer on how to fight. | 4.8.9 |
| 400 BC | Trapezus | They arrive at Trapezus, a colony of Sinope on the sea, and stay about thirty days. | 4.8.22 |
| 400 BC | Trapezus | Sacrifices for deliverance and games are held; Dracontius supervises the games. | 4.8.25 |
| 400 BC | Cerasus | On the third day after leaving Trapezus they arrive at Cerasus, a Greek city on the coast of the land of the Colchians, a colony of Sinope. | 5.3.2 |
| 400 BC | Mossynoecians | They reach the border of the Mossynoecians. They send Timesitheus, a man of Trapezus, to ask whether they come in friendship or hostility; the Mossynoecians answer that they will not allow passage. | 5.4.2 |
| 400 BC | Cotyora | They arrive at Cotyora, a Greek city of Sinope in the land of the Tibarenians. The seers say the gods do not allow war, so they receive gifts of hospitality and march two days through a friendly region. | 5.5.3 |
| 400 BC | Sinope | Envoys from Sinope come to the Greek camp, frightened by news that Cotyora (a Sinopean dependency) and its territory are being plundered; Hecatonymus speaks as their spokesman. | 5.5.7 |
| 400 BC | Heraclea Pontica | Leaving Sinope, they sail with a fair wind for two days along the coast and reach Heraclea (a Greek city founded by Megara, in the land of the Mariandynians). | 6.2.1 |
| 400 BC | Calpe Harbour | They camp that day on the beach of Calpe Harbour: a place on the Asian side of Thrace, between the entrance of the Black Sea and Heraclea. | 6.4.1 |
| 400 BC | Chrysopolis | They turn back the opposite way for a day and a night, gain slaves and sheep, and on the sixth day reach Chrysopolis in the territory of Chalcedon, where they stay seven days selling their booty. | 6.6.38 |
| 400 BC | Byzantium | The whole army crosses to Byzantium. Anaxibius announces that they will be sent home, but without pay; they must leave the city with their weapons and baggage, and the soldiers, having no means for the journey, are furious. | 7.1.7 |
| 399 BC | Thrace (Seuthes court) | Seuthes, king of the Thracians, promises to treat the Greeks well and asks them to join him. | 7.3.4 |
| 399 BC | Salmydessus | Persuaded, they all march out with Seuthes: passing the Thracians who eat millet, with the Black Sea on their right, they arrive at Salmydessus. | 7.5.12 |
| 399 BC | Lampsacus | They cross to Lampsacus and meet the seer Euclides, who congratulates Xenophon on his safe return and asks how much gold he obtained. | 7.8.1 |
| 399 BC | Pergamum | Passing Adramyttion and Certonus and crossing the plain of the Caicus, they arrive at Pergamum in Mysia; Xenophon is hosted by Hellas, the wife of Gongylus of Eretria. | 7.8.8 |
| 399 BC | Pergamum | Return to Asia Minor: the army is handed over to Thibron (Sparta) and incorporated into the war against Persia; the expedition ends. | 7.8.24 |
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