Ma Huan, Yingya Shenglan (Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores): a Chronicle / record source. Covers AD 1407 – 1433, with 41 events in chronological order. Text license and provenance included.
| Type | Chronicle / record |
|---|---|
| Viewpoint | Outsider account |
| Years covered | AD 1407 – 1433 |
| Events | 41 events, 25 placed on the map |
| Author | 마환(馬歡) |
| Original title | 瀛涯勝覽 |
Regions: South Asia 24 · Southeast Asia 9 · West Asia 7 · China 1
| Year | Place | Event | Passage |
|---|---|---|---|
| AD 1407 | 舊港(Palembang) | In the fifth year of Yongle Zheng He's fleet came; on the denunciation of Shi Jingqing, the Guangdong pirate Chen Zuyi, who had been plundering, was captured and executed at court. Shi Jingqing was given a crown and robes and made great chief of Jiugang; when he died, his daughter Shi Yi-zhen succeeded him. | 瀛涯勝覽·舊港國 |
| AD 1407 | 古里(Calicut) | In the fifth year of Yongle, Zheng He and others bestowed an edict, patents and silver seals on the king and chiefs, promoted them and conferred investiture; then at Calicut they erected a stele and carved an inscription: 'more than a hundred thousand li from China ... carved in stone to be shown forever'. | 瀛涯勝覽·古里國 |
| AD 1409 | 滿剌加(Malacca) | In the seventh year of Yongle the emperor ordered Zheng He to bestow on the chief an edict, double-handled silver seals and robes, and to erect a stele fixing the territory; thus it came to be called the country of Malacca. After that Siam did not dare to invade. | 瀛涯勝覽·滿剌加國 |
| AD 1409 | 蘇門答剌(Samudra) | When the former king was killed by a poisoned arrow fighting the king of Huamian, a fisherman avenged him, married the queen and became the old king. In the seventh year of Yongle the old king came to pay tribute and received the imperial favor. | 瀛涯勝覽·蘇門答剌國 |
| AD 1412 | 蘇門答剌(Samudra) | In the tenth year of Yongle the country was visited again (the subject is unclear in the original). The late king's son grew up, conspired with his followers, killed the fisherman-king who was his adoptive father, and seized the throne. The old king's legitimate son, Su-gan-la, fled to Sushan, set up a stockade and planned revenge. | 瀛涯勝覽·蘇門答剌國 |
| AD 1413 | In the eleventh year of Yongle (1413) the emperor ordered Grand Eunuch Zheng He to lead the treasure fleet to the many Western countries to read and bestow the imperial edict; Ma Huan, serving as interpreter, followed the mission as a minor envoy. | 瀛涯勝覽·序 | |
| AD 1413 – 1433 | Sixty-three treasure ships; the large ships were 44.4 zhang long and 18 zhang wide. The total number aboard is recorded separately as 27,670 persons (868 officials and 26,802 soldiers). | 瀛涯勝覽·諸番國名 | |
| AD 1413 – 1433 | 五虎門(長樂) | Setting out from the Wuhumen (Changle) in Changle county, Fuzhou prefecture, Fujian, and sailing southwest with fair winds for ten days, one reaches Champa (Zhancheng). | 瀛涯勝覽·占城國 |
| AD 1413 – 1433 | 新洲港(占城) | One hundred li northeast of Champa is the sea mouth of Xinzhou harbor; on the bank stands a stone pagoda as a marker, and ships from many places anchor here and go ashore. | 瀛涯勝覽·占城國 |
| AD 1413 – 1433 | 杜板(Tuban) | Tuban (杜板), Java's first port of call: more than a thousand households governed by two chiefs, with many Chinese from Guangdong and Zhangzhou living there. A legend says a small spring by the shore was dug by Yuan troops and is holy water. | 瀛涯勝覽·爪哇國 |
| AD 1413 – 1433 | 廝村(Gresik) | Going east half a day from Tuban is Gresik (廝村), whose local name is Gresik. Chinese came to open it and called it Xincun; its lord is a native of Guangdong, and it has over a thousand households. | 瀛涯勝覽·爪哇國 |
| AD 1413 – 1433 | 蘇魯馬益(Surabaya) | From the two villages, going south by boat half a day, one reaches the port of Surabaya (蘇魯馬益). It is shallow, so large ships cannot enter; small boats go more than twenty li upstream to Surabaya, which has over a thousand households. | 瀛涯勝覽·爪哇國 |
| AD 1413 – 1433 | 滿者伯夷(Majapahit) | Landing at the Zhanggu wharf and walking southwest a day and a half, one reaches Majapahit (滿者伯夷), the king's residence: two hundred households of foreigners, with seven or eight chiefs assisting the king. | 瀛涯勝覽·爪哇國 |
| AD 1413 – 1433 | 舊港(Palembang) | The kingdom of Jiugang (舊港, Old Harbour) is the ancient Sanfoqi (Srivijaya); its local name is Balimbang (Palembang) and it is said to be under Java's jurisdiction. Many people from Guangdong, Zhangzhou and Quanzhou came to live there, and it is wealthy. | 瀛涯勝覽·舊港國 |
| AD 1413 – 1433 | 新門門臺(暹羅) | Going southwest from Champa with fair winds for seven days and nights, and entering the mouth of the Xinmenmentai river, one reaches Siam (Xianluo). Its circumference is a thousand li and the land is barren; the custom records that wives decide matters. | 瀛涯勝覽·暹邏國 |
| AD 1413 – 1433 | 滿剌加(Malacca) | Going due south from Champa with fair winds for eight days, one reaches the Longyamen (龍牙門); passing the gate and going southwest two days, one reaches Malacca (滿剌加). Formerly it was not a country but was governed by a chief, and it paid Siam forty taels of gold each year. | 瀛涯勝覽·滿剌加國 |
| AD 1413 – 1433 | 滿剌加(Malacca) | When the Chinese treasure ships come, a stockade and a walled city with watchtowers are set up; inside, small walls and warehouses are built to store money and grain. Ships that went to the various countries gather here to be readied, and return on the south wind in the middle of the fifth month. | 瀛涯勝覽·滿剌加國 |
| AD 1413 – 1433 | 啞魯(Aru) | From Malacca with fair winds for four days and nights one reaches Aru, a small country. To the south is a great mountain, to the north the sea, and to the west it borders Samudra; its king and people are all Hui (Muslims). | 瀛涯勝覽·啞魯國 |
| AD 1413 – 1433 | 蘇門答剌(Samudra) | From Malacca the treasure fleet goes southwest with fair winds for five days and nights and first anchors at the seaside village of Daluman; going southeast ten-odd li, one reaches Samudra, the great gateway of the West. It has no walls and the tide rises twice a day. | 瀛涯勝覽·蘇門答剌國 |
| AD 1413 – 1433 | 那孤兒(Nagur) | The king of Nagur (那孤兒) is also called the king of Huamian: a mountain village on the west side of Samudra, whose people tattoo blue three-pronged marks on their faces, hence Huamian. A small country of over a thousand households. | 瀛涯勝覽·蘇門答剌國 |
| AD 1413 – 1433 | 黎代(Lide) | Lidai (黎代) is a small country northwest of Nagur, with one to two thousand households who set up their own king and belong to Samudra; there are many wild rhinoceros, and it pays tribute together with Samudra. | 瀛涯勝覽·蘇門答剌國 |
| AD 1413 – 1433 | 南浡里(Lambri) | From Samudra, going west with fair winds for three days and nights, one reaches the country of Lambri (南浡里), of about a thousand households, all Hui. The king's house is a tower three to four zhang high, and cattle and sheep are let loose beneath it to be raised. | 瀛涯勝覽·南浡里國 |
| AD 1413 – 1433 | 帽山 | Northwest of Lambri, in the sea, rises the high mountain Mao (帽山), and to its west lies the great ocean, the Western Ocean (Namolei yang). Ships coming from the west take this mountain as their landmark. At its foot twenty or thirty households each call themselves king; they belong to Lambri, and coral is produced there. | 瀛涯勝覽·南浡里國 |
| AD 1413 – 1433 | 翠藍山(裸形國) | From Mao Mountain, going south with an east wind for three days, one reaches the Cuilan mountains (翠藍山) in the sea: three or four mountains, the largest being Andu-man. Its people live naked in caves; a legend says Shakya took off his clothes and entered the water here. | 瀛涯勝覽·錫蘭國 裸形國 |
| AD 1413 – 1433 | 別羅里(Beruwala) | From the Cuilan mountains, going west seven or eight days, one passes Yingjia-cui mountain, and then in two or three days passes the mountain of the Buddha Hall; it anchors at Beruwala (別羅里), the port of the country of Xilan (Ceylon). On the seashore rocks are Shakya's footprints; the temples hold a reclining Buddha and relics, and it is said to be the place of nirvana. | 瀛涯勝覽·錫蘭國 裸形國 |
| AD 1413 – 1433 | 小葛蘭(Kollam) | From Beruwala, going northwest with fair winds for six days and nights, one reaches the country of Little Kulam (小葛蘭, Kollam). Its king and people are Chola (Tamil) people who believe in Shakya's Buddhism and revere elephants and cattle; a little sappanwood and pepper are produced, and gold coins are used. | 瀛涯勝覽·小葛蘭國 |
| AD 1413 – 1433 | 柯枝(Kochi) | From Little Kulam, going northwest along the mountains with fair winds one day, one anchors at the port of the country of Kochi (柯枝). There are five classes: Nanbi, Hui, Tieji, Geling and Mu. The king believes in Buddhism and grows much pepper. | 瀛涯勝覽·柯枝國 |
| AD 1413 – 1433 | 古里(Calicut) | From the port of Kochi, going northwest three days, one reaches the country of Calicut (古里), a great country of the West. The king is a Nanbi, and the great chief is a Hui; when a treasure ship arrives, the two chiefs manage the trade and fix the prices over several months. | 瀛涯勝覽·古里國 |
| AD 1413 – 1433 | 溜山(牒幹) | From Samudra, passing Xiaomu Mountain and going southwest with fair winds for ten days, one reaches Liushan (溜山, the Maldives; foreign name Diegan): a country without walls, living against the mountains and surrounded by sea on all sides. In the west there are eight large liu and more than three thousand small liu; it produces ambergris and coconut. | 瀛涯勝覽·溜山國 |
| AD 1413 – 1433 | 祖法兒(Dhofar) | From Calicut, going northwest with fair winds for ten days and nights, one reaches Zufaer (祖法兒, Dhofar). Its king and people are Muslims; there are no walls and they live against the mountain. It is a frankincense-producing land; when a treasure ship comes, frankincense, dragon's blood, aloes and myrrh are exchanged for silk and porcelain. | 瀛涯勝覽·祖法兒國 |
| AD 1413 – 1433 | 淛地港(Chittagong) | From Samudra, passing Xiaomu and Cuilan, going west to northwest with fair winds for twenty days, one first anchors at Chittagong (淛地港). The whole country is Hui, simple and wealthy. | 瀛涯勝覽·榜葛剌國 |
| AD 1413 – 1433 | 鎖納兒港(Sonargaon) | Going up in small boats more than five hundred li, one lands at Sonargaon (鎖納兒港) and goes southwest thirty-five stages to reach the capital. | 瀛涯勝覽·榜葛剌國 |
| AD 1413 – 1433 | 榜葛剌城 | The capital of the country of Bengal (榜葛剌城) has walls, and the king and the great and small government offices are within the city. They cast silver coins called tanga (倘伽) and produce five or six kinds of fine cloth. | 瀛涯勝覽·榜葛剌國 |
| AD 1413 – 1433 | 忽魯謨廝(Hormuz) | From Calicut, going northwest with fair winds for twenty-five days, one reaches the country of Hormuz (忽魯謨廝). It relies on sea and mountains, and merchants by land and sea all gather to trade, so it is rich. Its king and people are Muslims; those who drink wine are executed in the market. | 瀛涯勝覽·忽魯謨廝國 |
| AD 1413 – 1433 | 秩達(Jeddah) | The country of Tianfang (天方, Mecca) lies southwest of Calicut; by boat, about three months' sailing, one reaches the port of Qida (秩達, Jeddah), which is guarded by a great chief. | 瀛涯勝覽·天方國 |
| AD 1413 – 1433 | 默加(Mecca) | From Jeddah, going west for one month, one reaches the walled city of Mojia (默加, Mecca), where the king lives. It is the place where the Hui patriarch spread the teaching, so they still follow its rules. | 瀛涯勝覽·天方國 |
| AD 1413 – 1433 | 愷阿白(Kaaba) | A little more than half a day further one reaches the Hall of Heavenly Worship (天堂禮拜寺, the Kaaba). Its surrounding walls have 466 doors; it is a square building of stones of five colors, and its walls are plastered with rose-water and musk mixed into the earth. Every year on the tenth day of the twelfth month Muslims from every country come to worship and cut pieces from the black silk cover to take home as tokens. | 瀛涯勝覽·天方國 |
| AD 1413 – 1433 | 驀底納(Medina) | Going west another day one reaches the walled city of Modina (驀底納, Medina). Within the city is the tomb of Muhammad (馬合麻). Water from the well behind the tomb is loaded on boats and sprinkled against the storms, it is said, to calm the waves. | 瀛涯勝覽·天方國 |
| AD 1415 | 蘇門答剌(Samudra) | In the thirteenth year of Yongle the fleet of Grand Eunuch Zheng He arrived; troops went out and captured Su-gan-la and sent him to court to have his crime made clear. The prince, having received grace, pays tribute continually. | 瀛涯勝覽·蘇門答剌國 |
| AD 1421 | 阿丹(Aden) | In the nineteenth year of Yongle the imperial envoy, Grand Eunuch Li and others, came to Samudra to bestow the edict and official robes on the king; the Grand Eunuch Zhou of the detached fleet went with three treasure ships to Aden (阿丹). The king came out to the seashore to receive the edict and bought rare things such as cat's-eye stones, coral, giraffes (qilin) and lions. | 瀛涯勝覽·阿丹國 |
| AD 1430 | 古里(Calicut) | In the fifth year of Xuande, when Zheng He and others went to read the edict to the countries, the detached fleet reached Calicut; the inner eunuch Grand Eunuch Hong and others saw Calicut people going to Tianfang, selected seven interpreters and shipped musk and porcelain on that country's boats. In a round trip of one year they brought back giraffes (qilin), lions, ostriches and a true copy of the Paradise painting (天堂圖). | 瀛涯勝覽·天方國 |
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