23 events the sources record for this year, grouped by region.
What happened
Korean Peninsula (3)
When the Restoration rose, he fled and hid in the house of the physician An Guk-sin (Annals of the Joseon Dynasty 光海君日記 十五年 · 光海君日記 64책 64권 64장 A면 · 기사 woa_11503012_005)
Raises a righteous army and accedes to the throne (Annals of the Joseon Dynasty 仁祖實錄 元年 · 仁祖實錄 1책 1권 1장 A면 · 기사 wpa_10103013_001)
The former Crown Prince Yi Ji digs a tunnel and flees, but is caught; the deposed consort takes her own life (Annals of the Joseon Dynasty 仁祖實錄 元年 · 仁祖實錄 2책 2권 11장 A면 · 기사 wpa_10105022_001)
Japan (7)
The heir Iemitsu entered Kyoto, and shogun Hidetada resigned his post by memorial. (Rai Sanyō, Nihon Gaishi 卷之廿二 · part_08 L57)
Matsudaira Tadanao was exiled to Ogihara in Bungo, shaved his head and took the name Ippaku. (Rai Sanyō, Nihon Gaishi 卷之廿二 · part_08 L57)
Second shogun Tokugawa Hidetada comes to Kyoto as Minister of the Right and enters Nijo Castle (Zoku Shigushō 卷第五十四·元和九年 六月大 十五日甲戌)
Tokugawa Iemitsu, Hidetada's son, comes to Kyoto and enters Nijo Castle (text marks this with "ka") (Zoku Shigushō 卷第五十四·元和九年 七月小 十三日壬寅)
Iemitsu receives the imperial decree appointing him Seii Taishogun; his father Hidetada yields the post (Zoku Shigushō 卷第五十四·元和九年 七月小 廿七日丙辰)
Nyogo Kazuko gives birth to a princess, Onna-ichi-no-miya (a note under year 5 in the text says "Meisho-in") (Zoku Shigushō 卷第五十四·元和九年 十一月小 十九日乙亥)
Tokugawa Iemitsu receives the decree appointing him Seii Taishogun and other offices (inherited from his father Hidetada) (Zoku Shigushō 卷第五十四 元和九年 七月)
Sub-Saharan Africa (7)
Kutumbi entrusts great power to his friend Kalina Atuman, and for 12 years the sarki acts more like a wazir; after his death Dawaki Kwashi shows signs of revolt but is persuaded and returns. (Kano Chronicle Palmer 1908, Kano Chronicle §XXIX Kutumbi, p.84)
Dawaki Magara returns from the Bauchi campaign, founds a town at Ganjua and sends 2,000 slaves; angered, Kutumbi campaigns the next year, takes jizya, leaves 500 slaves and calls the place Ibdabura. (Kano Chronicle Palmer 1908, Kano Chronicle §XXIX Kutumbi, p.84)
The next year Kutumbi attacks Katsina and wins, camping nine months at Dugazawa so that no one can leave Katsina. (Kano Chronicle Palmer 1908, Kano Chronicle §XXIX Kutumbi, p.84)
The following year Kutumbi plunders Gumbe. (Kano Chronicle Palmer 1908, Kano Chronicle §XXIX Kutumbi, p.85)
Kutumbi begins collecting cattle (jangali) from the Fulani, the first of the Kano kings to do so. (Kano Chronicle Palmer 1908, Kano Chronicle §XXIX Kutumbi, p.85)
The Katsina army makes a night raid on Kutumbi, camped near Katsina's west gate; Kano's army all flee, and Kutumbi is pursued as far as Yashi and dies within three days. (Kano Chronicle Palmer 1908, Kano Chronicle §XXIX Kutumbi, p.85)
Caid Yusuf and Amin Muhammad send all their forces into battle (Tarikh al-Sudan (Chronicle of the Sudan) Houdas 1900 불역 장 XXXI (houdas1900_fr_djvu.txt 줄 15378))
The Americas (6)
Hearing that their friend Massasoit was gravely ill, they sent men and comfort goods to visit him. (Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation Bradford 1908 Jameson판 OCR l.7233)
Based on news brought by one man from Massachusetts and other evidence, Plymouth weighed the plot seriously and responded; it is recorded that several leaders were removed. (Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation Bradford 1908 Jameson판 OCR l.7249)
With the food gone, everyone began to plant more grain and to think about how to get a better harvest (the occasion for dividing land by family). (Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation Bradford 1908 Jameson판 OCR l.7360)
A long drought withered the crops, so they kept a day of fasting and prayer; toward evening clouds gathered and soft rain fell. (Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation Bradford 1908 Jameson판 OCR l.7656)
The Anne arrived, and about ten days later the new small vessel Little James, which had been lost from it in a storm, came in. (Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation Bradford 1908 Jameson판 OCR l.7672)
In mid-September Captain Robert Gorges arrived with his commission as governor, to found a colony on the site Weston's party had abandoned. (Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation Bradford 1908 Jameson판 OCR l.7919)