Region: Southern Europe · Coordinates: 38.796, 22.544 · 9 events
| Year | Source | Account |
|---|---|---|
| 480 BC | Diodorus Siculus, Library of History | Battle of Thermopylae: close combat went on, with the troops fighting in tight massed ranks. |
| 480 BC | Herodotus, Histories | Median troops and the Immortals (under Hydarnes) attack in turn but are pushed back by the Greeks; the king leaps up three times |
| 480 BC | Herodotus, Histories | The Persians cross the Asopus and march through mountain paths all night; the Phocians flee to a mountaintop |
| 480 BC | Herodotus, Histories | Leonidas and the Greeks fight on, knowing they will die; two brothers of Xerxes also fall |
| 480 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | News that Leonidas is dead and Xerxes holds the pass sends the fleet withdrawing |
| 191 BC | Livy, History of Rome (Ab Urbe Condita) | The consul plundered the territory of Hypata and Heraclea, and, since Aetolia could not help, camped at the mouth of the pass facing the king |
| 191 BC | Livy, History of Rome (Ab Urbe Condita) | During the battle the Aetolians in Heraclea attacked the Roman camp but gained nothing |
| 191 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | Antiochus blocks the narrow pass at Thermopylae with ditches and a wall and thinks he has prevented war |
| 191 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | At the Roman charge Antiochus's army collapses on all sides |