Griffis, Corea, the Hermit Nation: a Standard history source. Covers AD 1392 – 1882, with 148 events in chronological order. Text license and provenance included.
| Type | Standard history |
|---|---|
| Viewpoint | Outsider account |
| Years covered | AD 1392 – 1882 |
| Events | 148 events, 113 placed on the map |
| Author | William Elliot Griffis (1882, 미국인 선교사·교육자) |
| Original title | Corea, the Hermit Nation |
Regions: Korean Peninsula 99 · China 40 · Japan 9
| Year | Place | Event | Passage |
|---|---|---|---|
| AD 1392 | Kaesong | Yi Seong-gye's faction deposed the king at Songdo (Sunto), sent him off to Ganghwa (Kang-wa), removed the ancestral tablets of earlier kings from the royal shrine, and banned the rites. | p.77 (ch.XI New Cho-sen) |
| AD 1392 | Seoul | The new dynasty moved the capital from Songdo to Hanyang and ringed it with a stone wall along the Han River. | p.79 (ch.XI New Cho-sen) |
| AD 1392 | Since the founding of the present dynasty (1392) there had been 29 successors of the founder, among them nephews, cousins and younger brothers. | p.223 | |
| AD 1400 – 1418 | Seoul | Taejong installed the Sinmungo (Sin-mun-to), a drum for petitioning the king directly. | p.83 (ch.XI New Cho-sen) |
| AD 1400 – 1418 | Taejong, together with the Ming emperor, protested to the Japanese emperor and demanded a crackdown on pirates. | p.83 (ch.XI New Cho-sen) | |
| AD 1450 | Munjong's accession in 1450 and investiture by a Ming envoy. According to the envoy's account, the border then lay near the Eastern Mountain Border, with an uninhabited zone to its west. | p.84 (ch.XI New Cho-sen) | |
| AD 1460 | Kamakura | Joseon's last embassy to the shogunate (Kamakura). Official exchanges between the two countries ceased afterward, and Tsushima merchants served as intermediaries. | p.86-87 (ch.XI New Cho-sen) |
| AD 1469 – 1494 | Two powerful nobles contested one office, drawing in families and followers, while the king stayed neutral. The factions were then organized as Easterners and Westerners, and later divided into Southerners and Northerners (Greater and Lesser Northerners). | p.224 | |
| AD 1585 – 1586 | Seoul | When Hideyoshi's envoy Yasuhiro returned from Seoul without a Korean reply, Hideyoshi ordered him and his family put to death. | p.89-91 (ch.XII Events Leading to the Japanese Invasion) |
| AD 1586 – 1590 | Seoul | Yoshitoshi's mission came to Seoul and handed over the 14 traitors who had guided pirates, as Joseon had demanded; Korean officials beheaded them. | p.91 (ch.XII) |
| AD 1590 | Kyoto | A Korean embassy left Seoul with Yoshitoshi's party for Kyoto, arriving in the summer of 1590. | p.92 (ch.XII) |
| AD 1591 | Kyoto | In Kyoto they were granted an audience with Hideyoshi. His reply letter was so arrogant that the envoys sent it back several times. | p.92-93 (ch.XII) |
| AD 1591 | Fusan (Busan) | Yoshitoshi came to Busan at his own expense and petitioned Seoul, but after ten days of waiting got no answer, only a defiant reply letter. | p.94 (ch.XII) |
| AD 1591 | Peking (Beijing) | The Joseon court sent an envoy to Beijing to inform Ming of Japan's invasion plans. A Ryukyuan envoy arrived first. | p.94 (ch.XII) |
| AD 1592 | Karatsu (Nagoya, Hizen) | Japanese land and naval forces assembled at Nagoya in Hizen (present-day Karatsu). Figures in the source: of 500,000 mobilized, 150,000 for the invasion, 60,000 in reserve, 100,000 guarding Hideyoshi. | p.96 (ch.XIII The Invasion-On to Seoul) |
| AD 1592 | Fusan (Busan) | On May 25 the Japanese fleet (Konishi's force) landed at Busan, took the town and besieged Dongnae Fortress, which soon surrendered. | p.100-101 (ch.XIII) |
| AD 1592 | Sangju | Konishi's force left Dongnae and marched north to Sangju along the Nakdong River. The Busan magistrate went to Seoul but falsely reported that he had not delivered the letter. | p.101 (ch.XIII) |
| AD 1592 | Seoul | The Japanese army entered Seoul (Hanyang) 18 days after landing at Busan. | p.101 (ch.XIII) |
| AD 1592 | Chungju | Konishi's army besieged and took Chungju Fortress after several days. Citing Frois's report, of 5,000 Korean losses, 3,000 died at Chungju. | p.102-103 |
| AD 1592 | Seoul | Kato's and Konishi's forces entered Seoul on the same day. The king, court and army had left the capital three days earlier, so there was no resistance. | p.103 |
| AD 1592 | Seoul | The Korean king left the capital and began his flight north (June 9). He set out without provisions and his party went hungry. | p.105 |
| AD 1592 | Facing Korean warships across the Imjin River, the Japanese feigned retreat to lure the Koreans out and routed them, then crossed with the whole army on captured boats and rafts. | p.106 | |
| AD 1592 | Pyongyang | Konishi's army took Pyongyang (Pyeongan) Fortress. The defenders threw their weapons into the moat and fled; the grain and dried-fish stores fell to the Japanese. | p.106-107 |
| AD 1592 | Pyongyang | About 5,000 Ming troops attacked Pyongyang. The Japanese drew them inside and repulsed them with arrows and long spears from flanking positions; the Ming commander was killed. | p.109 |
| AD 1592 | Sunan | Peace talks between Konishi and the Ming side through Shen Weijing (Chin Ikki). Konishi demanded the old territories of Silla and Baekje be ceded as a Japanese dependency, effectively all land south of the Taedong River. | p.110 |
| AD 1592 | During his Hamgyeong campaign Kato captured two princes and many high officials. | p.111 | |
| AD 1593 | Sunan | Twenty escorts sent by Konishi to meet the Ming envoy Shen Weijing were ambushed after a Ming banquet and mostly killed (only two or three survived). | p.111-112 |
| AD 1593 | Pyongyang | Ming and Korean allied forces launched a general assault on Pyongyang from all sides. By the evening of the second day the Japanese lost their outer works, with about 2,000 Japanese killed. | p.112 |
| AD 1593 | Pyongyang | Konishi's army evacuated Pyongyang at midnight and retreated across the frozen river. The allies entered the empty city, and the Ming commander forbade pursuit. | p.113 |
| AD 1593 | Seoul | Most of Seoul was set on fire. Houses, gates, bridges and offices burned, and residents were driven out at spearpoint, keeping only able-bodied men of use. | p.116 |
| AD 1593 | Three Japanese units under Konishi (main force 10,000, the others 3,000 each) fought the Ming-Korean allies near Seoul. Japanese records say 10,000 allied troops were killed. | p.116-117 | |
| AD 1593 | Konishi and Shen Weijing agreed on peace terms: Japan to keep three southern provinces, Joseon to resume tribute, and Hideyoshi to be recognized as king of Korea. The Ming court did not approve. | p.118-119 | |
| AD 1593 | Seoul | The Japanese withdrew from Seoul, and the Ming vanguard entered the same day. The Japanese fell back to coastal towns such as Busan and Dongnae. | p.120-121 |
| AD 1593 | Chinju | Kato's army besieged and took Jinju Fortress (Chin-chiu). They tunneled under the walls with tortoise carts and stormed in, followed by a massacre inside. | p.125-126 |
| AD 1597 | Busan | Second-invasion units (Kuroda, Nagamasa and others) sailed for Busan and joined the forces of Konishi and Kato. | p.128 |
| AD 1597 | The Japanese navy fought the Korean fleet for two hours. 174 Korean ships were burned or captured (figure from the source). | p.130 | |
| AD 1597 | Namwon | During the second invasion, Namwon Fortress was besieged. On September 21 the vanguard camped one mile from the fortress while the main body encircled it and dug trenches. Ten thousand Ming troops garrisoned the fortress. | p.131 |
| AD 1597 | Gyeongju | The Japanese burned Gyeongju, the old capital of Silla, starting with the ancient temples and burning 300,000 houses (the source's figure). | p.136 |
| AD 1598 | Ulsan | The Ming army launched a general assault on Ulsan Fortress. Beginning on January 31, seven attacks were repulsed over four hours. The besiegers were still in position before relief (Kato) arrived. | p.141 |
| AD 1598 | Toyotomi Hideyoshi died. By his will he ordered all troops in Korea withdrawn, and the armies began returning home. | p.146 | |
| AD 1619 | Ming sent 20,000 Korean troops to fight the Later Jin (Manchus). After the Ming defeat, the Korean troops surrendered to the Later Jin. | p.157 | |
| AD 1627 | Uiju | The Later Jin crossed the frozen Yalu River and invaded. Uiju fell first, and they advanced along the Pyeongan highway toward Seoul. | p.157-158 |
| AD 1627 | Seoul | Later Jin forces surrounded Seoul and began a siege. To avoid bloodshed the king sent tribute and made a peace pact. | p.158 |
| AD 1627 | Sailors of the Dutch ship Hollandia were cast ashore on the Korean coast, the first recorded entry of Europeans into Korea. | part_04 줄 430 (원문 줄 9007) | |
| AD 1635 | Qing forces invaded Joseon; at the time of the event two Dutch sailors died in the fighting. | part_04 줄 503 (원문 줄 9080) | |
| AD 1637 | Ganghwa Island | Qing forces with cannon and ships took Ganghwa (Kang-wa), where the royal family and noblewomen had taken refuge. | part_04 줄 19 (원문 줄 8596) |
| AD 1637 | Seoul | A treaty by which Injo renounced loyalty to Ming, gave two princes as hostages, and agreed to send tribute envoys every year. | part_04 줄 23 (원문 줄 8600) |
| AD 1644 | Beijing | The Qing court fixed the list of annual tribute Joseon had to pay (gold, silver, rice, silk, paper, hides and so on). | part_04 줄 58 (원문 줄 8635) |
| AD 1647 | Seoul | A party of shipwrecked Japanese, escorted by the Qing emperor, reached Hanyang and were entertained at the royal palace. | part_04 줄 251 (원문 줄 8828) |
| AD 1647 | Busan | The shipwrecked Japanese left Hanyang and reached Busan, a record of the surveillance system around the Japanese settlement (Waegwan). | part_04 줄 284 (원문 줄 8861) |
| AD 1650 | Beijing | Through the influence of a Korean captive woman who had entered the Qing court, the envoy (her father) greatly reduced the tribute. | part_04 줄 120 (원문 줄 8697) |
| AD 1653 | Jeju City | The Dutch ship Sparwehr was wrecked in a storm off Jeju (Quelpart); 36 survived and were seized by officials. | part_04 줄 517 (원문 줄 9094) |
| AD 1653 – 1654 | Haenam | The surviving Dutch party reached Haenam (Heynam), the first town on the mainland, and began their march under escort to Hanyang. | part_04 줄 586 (원문 줄 9163) |
| AD 1653 – 1654 | Jeonju | The party reached Jeonju (Khin-tyo = Chon-chiu in the text), seat of the Jeolla provincial governor. | part_04 줄 605 (원문 줄 9182) |
| AD 1653 – 1654 | Gongju | The party passed Gongju (Konsio), the Chungcheong provincial capital, and went on to the Gyeonggi border. | part_04 줄 609 (원문 줄 9186) |
| AD 1653 – 1654 | Seoul | The Dutch party entered Hanyang, showed their skills at court and were assigned to the royal guard. | part_04 줄 612 (원문 줄 9189) |
| AD 1657 | Seoul | The Dutch party left Hanyang and rode south to a walled town (Diu-siong, location unknown). | part_04 줄 705 (원문 줄 9282) |
| AD 1658 | Seoul | Change of king: the previous king abdicated and a new king (Yen-chong) took the throne, and the Dutch's circumstances changed too. | part_04 줄 722 (원문 줄 9299) |
| AD 1663 | By order from Hanyang, the Dutch survivors were split among three towns (Saysiano, Siun-schien, Namman), numbering 22. | part_04 줄 773 (원문 줄 9350) | |
| AD 1665 | The Dutch survivors attempted to escape but failed; the text's account is brief. | part_04 줄 814 (원문 줄 9391) | |
| AD 1666 | The kindly local magistrate who had looked after the Dutch died, and preparations for escape began. | part_04 줄 815 (원문 줄 9392) | |
| AD 1667 | The Dutch survivors escaped: they bought a boat, put out to sea, and were handed over to the Japanese in the Goto Islands. | part_04 줄 823 (원문 줄 9400) | |
| AD 1676 – 1720 | A disciple and his teacher quarreled over the epitaph of the father of the Westerner noble Yun, and the dispute split the Westerners into Soron (the disciple's side) and Noron (the teacher's side). | p.224–225 | |
| AD 1707 | Seoul | The Qing Kangxi Emperor's survey mission took the original map from the Korean royal palace, the basis for Korean place names on European maps. | part_04 줄 325 (원문 줄 8902) |
| AD 1709 | Kyongwon | A French Jesuit survey party measured the positions of four Korean walled towns from across the Tumen River. | part_04 줄 343 (원문 줄 8920) |
| AD 1720 | When Sukjong had no son, the four parties merged into two (the opposition and the royalists). The opposition sent a secret envoy to Beijing to install Sukjong's brother; the royalists sent assassins who killed the envoy before he crossed the border. | p.225 | |
| AD 1724 | Yeongjo, set up by the opposition, took the throne after his elder brother's death and reigned until 1776. | p.226 | |
| AD 1724 – 1776 | After his eldest son died, Yeongjo named his second son Sado heir and had him take part in government. When Sado tried to pursue reconciliation and amnesty, Yeongjo had him put alive into a wooden chest to sleep and sealed the lid, suffocating him. Whether to list his name among the kings remained a factional dispute. | p.226 | |
| AD 1784 | 서울(한양) | In April 1784 the king's tutor issued the first official document aimed at Catholicism, telling parents and relatives to cut ties with believers. The first victim, Thomas Kim, died in exile after trial and torture. | p.349–350 · part_07 L1197–1199 |
| AD 1785 | In 1785 the king revised and promulgated the penal code, much milder than before. It became the basis of the code in force at the time of the text. | p.235 | |
| AD 1790 | 서울(한양) | The believer Paul traveled with the embassy that left Hanyang on September 17, 1790, carrying to the bishop of Beijing a letter with questions on faith and rites. | p.351 · part_07 L1274–1277 |
| AD 1791 | 처형지 미상 | On December 8, 1791 the believers Paul and James Kim, who had burned ancestral tablets, were beheaded; the text records this as the first shedding of blood. | p.352 · part_07 L1306–1322 |
| AD 1794 | 서울(한양) | On June 18, 1794 three believers who had brought Father Zhou Wenmo to Hanyang were executed in prison after torture, and their bodies were thrown into the Han River. | p.354 · part_07 L1398–1416 |
| AD 1794 | 서울(한양) | On December 23, 1794 the Chinese priest James Zhou crossed the Yalu to Hanyang and began pastoral work at once. | p.354 · part_07 L1396–1397 |
| AD 1801 | 서울(한양) | After Sunjo's accession in 1801, the regent Queen Dowager installed Noron-aligned officials and issued a nationwide decree of persecution, ordering believers arrested regardless of rank, age or sex. | p.356 · part_07 L1484–1494 |
| AD 1801 | 서울(한양) | On May 31, 1801 Alexander Wang was beheaded. His letter on silk to the bishop of Beijing, asking for 60,000-70,000 European troops to conquer Joseon, was discovered, and the court judged it a conspiracy. | p.357–358 · part_07 L1531, L1547–1552 |
| AD 1802 | 서울(한양) | A new decree of January 25, 1802 branded Catholicism a "heterodox religion"; the text says this ended up publicizing the doctrine everywhere in the country. | p.358 · part_07 L1592–1595 |
| AD 1815 | 강원·경상 일대(도 단위) | In 1815 a brief, politically unrelated persecution of Catholics broke out around Gangwon and Gyeongsang. | p.358 · part_07 L1620–1622 |
| AD 1817 | 서해안(지점 미상) | In 1817 the British warships Alceste and Lyra appeared off the west coast. The court suspected collusion with believers, but they only surveyed, bought beef and met officials before leaving. | p.358–359 · part_07 L1624–1642 |
| AD 1826 | 전라도(Chulla, 도 단위) | In 1826 a quarrel in Jeolla led to an informer's denunciation and three months of severe persecution. | p.359 · part_07 L1644–1652 |
| AD 1832 | 전라도 해안(지점 미상) | On July 17, 1832 the Rev. Gützlaff reached the Jeolla coast and stayed a month. He sent books and gifts, but the king refused them. | p.359–360 · part_07 L1654–1670 |
| AD 1837 | 서울(한양) | On January 17, 1837 the French priest Chastan passed the Ai-chiu customs post in mourning disguise and joined Maubant in Hanyang. | p.361–362 · part_07 L1782–1784 |
| AD 1838 | 서울(한양) | On December 19, 1838 Bishop Imbert entered Korea and took up residence near the royal palace. | p.362 · part_07 L1785–1787 |
| AD 1839 | 서울(한양) | On January 16, 1839 the pro-persecution faction took the lead and ordered five-household searches throughout the eight provinces, the start of the Gihae Persecution. | p.362 · part_07 L1789–1796 |
| AD 1839 | 서울(한양) | On September 21, 1839 three French priests (Imbert, Maubant, Chastan) were beheaded on the bank of the Han River. Imbert had surrendered on August 10. A believer who collected the bodies was also seized. | p.362–363 · part_07 L1807–1811 |
| AD 1845 | 서울(한양) | On January 8, 1845 Kim Dae-geon crossed the border and reached Hanyang; three companions met him in a remote spot beyond the border. | p.364 · part_07 L1946–1952 |
| AD 1845 | 제주(Quelpart) | From June 25 to late July 1845 Captain Belcher of HMS Samarang surveyed Jeju and the southern coast, after which coastal watch was tightened further. | p.366 · part_07 L1977–1983 |
| AD 1845 | 전라 해안(지점 미상) | On October 12, 1845 the French priests and Kim Dae-geon, in mourning dress, landed at night at a remote spot on the Jeolla coast. | p.367 · part_07 L1992–1996 |
| AD 1848 | 서울(한양) | In late 1848 Thomas Choe crossed the Ai-chiu border safely and reached Hanyang a few days later; afterward religious books were printed, and 11,000 believers were recorded in 1850. | p.369 · part_07 L2127–2148 |
| AD 1857 | 서울(한양) | On March 31, 1857 Father Pourthié came in on a Korean smuggling boat and rejoined Bishop Berneux in Hanyang; 16,500 believers were recorded that year. | p.370 · part_07 L2186–2199 |
| AD 1860 | Kyongwon | The border fair on the Tumen (Korean and Qing merchants trading) was held until 1860; after half a day of trading the merchants were driven back out of the border. | part_04 줄 378 (원문 줄 8955) |
| AD 1861 | 메린 섬 경유(황해 쪽, 지점 미상) | In October 1861 four French priests (Landre, Joanno, Ridel, Calais) arrived via Merin Island. | p.372 · part_07 L2301–2306 |
| AD 1863 – 1874 | The king's father, the Taewongun (Tai-wen-kun), ruled as regent with near-absolute power from 1863 to 1874, ending when the king came of age. | p.230 | |
| AD 1864 | 서울(한양) | In January 1864 Cheoljong died without an heir. Queen Dowager Jo took the royal seal and enthroned the Daewongun's 12-year-old son, beginning the Daewongun's nine years in power. | p.373 · part_07 L2336–2356 |
| AD 1866 | Seoul | In 1866 a Qing envoy spent a night in a part of the royal palace called the "Palace for the South". | p.220 |
| AD 1866 | Kanghwa (Kang-wa) | In 1866, when part of the palace library was moved to Ganghwa, French troops captured some of it. | p.220 |
| AD 1866 | 원산 일대(Broughton's Bay) | In January 1866 a Russian warship returned to Broughton's Bay demanding trade and announcing the passage of troops across the Hamgyeong border. The court replied that Joseon was a vassal of Qing. | p.374 · part_07 L2375–2390 |
| AD 1866 | 서울(한양) | The Byeongin Persecution of March 1866: on March 8 Bishop Berneux and three others were beheaded on the Han River bank; on March 11 two French priests and 12 seminarians; on March 30 Daveluy was beheaded. | p.375–376 · part_07 L2447–2462 |
| AD 1866 | Seoul | Two French warships steamed up the Han River and anchored off Seoul, sounding depths and surveying heights for several days. | p.380 |
| AD 1866 | Kang-wa (Kanghwa city) | French forces made a armed reconnaissance toward Ganghwa and took a small battery (two guns). | p.381 |
| AD 1866 | Kang-wa (Kanghwa city) | French forces attacked the main gate of Ganghwa and took the town, capturing about 80 cannon, over 6,000 matchlocks and silver ingots. | p.382 |
| AD 1866 | Tong-chin (Tongjin) | A French landing party attacked and took a fortress gate on the mainland opposite Ganghwa (2 French killed, 25 wounded), then withdrew to the ships. | p.382-383 |
| AD 1866 | Kanghwa Island (fortified monastery) | 160 French troops attacked the monastery fortress on Ganghwa Island but were broken by volleys from the walls and retreated, with 32 wounded. | p.384-385 |
| AD 1866 | Kang-wa (Kanghwa city) | The withdrawing French set fire to Ganghwa town and reduced it to ashes. The text's opening says 10,000 residents lost their homes. | p.385-386 |
| AD 1866 | Seoul | The court decided to eradicate Catholicism, ordering believers beheaded on the Han River bank, even women and children executed. | p.386 |
| AD 1866 | Pyongyang (Ping-an city, Taedong river) | The American merchant ship General Sherman went up the Taedong River near Pyongyang, was burned, and all her crew died. The text gives two versions, burning and beheading. | p.392 |
| AD 1867 | The US steamer Wachusett anchored off the Yellow Sea coast and sent a letter demanding the surrender of the murderers; on January 29 a local official only replied that they should leave. | p.393-394 | |
| AD 1867 | Pyongyang (Ping Yang inlet) | The US ship Shenandoah surveyed the mouth of the Taedong River and heard from the Pyongyang side how the Sherman incident happened. | p.395 |
| AD 1867 – 1868 | The German-born merchant Oppert's party landed and tried to dig up a tomb, but could not open the stone cover and withdrew. | p.398-399 | |
| AD 1867 – 1868 | Kanghwa Island | Oppert's party, landing from the Ganghwa Island side, came under Korean fire; 2 were killed and 1 wounded. | p.400 |
| AD 1871 | Kanghwa Island, lower end (Du Conde fort) | When the American survey squadron entered a bend downstream of Ganghwa Island, the Korean forts fired volleys; one American was wounded. | p.410-411 |
| AD 1871 | Kanghwa Island, first fort | An American landing force took the first fort on Ganghwa Island and repelled a Korean night attack. | p.413 |
| AD 1871 | Kanghwa Island, citadel | American infantry and marines stormed and took the hill of the main fortress on Ganghwa Island: 243 Korean dead and 20 prisoners; 2 Americans killed (including the seriously wounded McKee). | p.415-417 |
| AD 1873 | Seoul | Gojong came of age and removed the Daewongun from power. The text says the queen backed him. | p.421 |
| AD 1875 | Kang-wa (Kanghwa city) | When sailors of the Japanese warship Unyo fetching water near Ganghwa were fired on by Korean troops, 36 Japanese attacked and took the fort, then withdrew to Nagasaki on the 23rd. | p.422 |
| AD 1876 | On February 27, 1876, Japan and Joseon concluded a treaty. The source presents it as Japan's recognition of Korea as an independent state. | p.53 (ch.VIII Japan and Corea) | |
| AD 1876 | Kang-wa Island (treaty house) | The Japanese Kuroda mission landed at the Ganghwa Treaty talks site and negotiated with two high Korean officials. | p.423 |
| AD 1876 | Kang-wa Island (treaty house) | The Treaty of Ganghwa was signed. Joseon was recognized as an independent state. | p.423 |
| AD 1880 | Wonsan (Gensan) | Wonsan opened as a treaty port. The Japanese settlement covered about 42 acres. | p.426 |
| AD 1880 | Busan (Fusan) | The US warship Ticonderoga entered Busan and tried to deliver a letter, but officials would not accept it. | p.428-429 |
| AD 1880 | Incheon (Nin-chiun) | The Japanese minister Hanabusa crossed the frozen river to Incheon to choose land for a Japanese settlement. | p.429 |
| AD 1881 | Seoul | The conservative Confucian scholar Yi Man-son (Ni Mansun) staged a seven-day petition sit-in before the palace, demanding a halt to the opening of Incheon and to enlightenment policies. | p.431-432 |
| AD 1882 | Seoul | During the Seoul disturbances of July 1882, the regent's title (Tai-in kun in the Japanese rendering) often appeared in Western newspapers. | p.230 |
| AD 1882 | In early 1882 the violently anti-foreign Kozaikai was executed for denouncing the king. A plot by 40 men to assassinate the king was uncovered, with swords and torture used, and the ringleader sentenced to dismemberment (six pardoned). Afterward the enlightenment faction gained the upper hand. | XL장 p.434 | |
| AD 1882 | Tianjin | The reformists Gio Inchiu and Riosen left for Tianjin on a mission to tell the US and Qing that the Korean government was ready to conclude treaties. | XL장 p.434 |
| AD 1882 | Seoul | Japanese officers (led by Lieutenant Horimoto) trained soldiers recruited in Seoul, the start of military reorganization. | XL장 p.435 |
| AD 1882 | Tokyo | Joseon ordered several hundred Snider rifles and 20,000 Murata rifles from the Japanese arsenal in Tokyo. | XL장 p.435 |
| AD 1882 | Kyoto | Two high Korean officials visited Japan in April. In Nagasaki they were troubled by rumors of a loan, but went on to Kyoto and Tokyo. | XL장 p.435 |
| AD 1882 | Incheon | US Commodore Shufeldt arrived off Incheon aboard the Swatara on May 7, and two days later signed the treaty with the US in a tent set up on the shore. (The source says the Japanese envoy Iwaki Kuan's ship called in one hour before the arrival; merged into this entry.) | XL장 p.435 |
| AD 1882 | Seoul | Four days after the US-Korea treaty, the wedding of the nine-year-old crown prince (to the daughter of Jun Daegam) was held in Seoul. The procession passed through the streets. | XL장 p.436 |
| AD 1882 | Incheon | British Admiral Willes left Nagasaki on May 27, concluded a treaty at Incheon, and returned to Yokohama on June 14. | XL장 p.436 |
| AD 1882 | Incheon | A French naval vessel entered Incheon harbor on June 5. | XL장 p.436 |
| AD 1882 | Wonsan | After the treaty, Qing sent an official from Shanghai to choose legation sites, traveling by ship to Wonsan and Busan. | XL장 p.436 |
| AD 1882 | Summer 1882 drought. With no rain and wells drying up, the rice crop was on the verge of failure. Fortune-tellers and anti-foreign agitators exploited it to stir the public, and soldiers were also discontented (unpaid wages, reduced rations). | XL장 p.437 | |
| AD 1882 | Seoul | On July 23, while the king was outside at a rain ritual, a mob on the Daewongun's side tried to seize him. The king fled to the palace. | XL장 p.438 |
| AD 1882 | Seoul | On July 23 the riot killed Queen Min, the crown prince and princess, ministers and seven Japanese. Blood flowed in a single day. | XL장 p.438 |
| AD 1882 | Seoul | At 5:50 pm on July 23 the mob attacked the Japanese legation, firing guns, arrows and stones and setting it ablaze. The Japanese burned what remained of the building and broke through the encirclement with swords and pistols. | XL장 p.439 |
| AD 1882 | Incheon | Hanabusa's party crossed the Han River for Incheon, arriving at 3 pm the next day. The Incheon magistrate gave them food and clothing. | XL장 p.439 |
| AD 1882 | Incheon | A mob surprised the Japanese party sleeping in Incheon. The garrison soldiers joined the mob and fired from behind a fence. Three Japanese were killed and two went missing. | XL장 p.440 |
| AD 1882 | Nagasaki | Twenty-six Japanese boarded the British survey ship Flying Fish off Incheon and set out for Nagasaki on July 26. | XL장 p.440 |
| AD 1882 | Tokyo | Hanabusa had an audience with the Japanese Emperor in Tokyo on August 8. | XL장 p.441 |
| AD 1882 | Shimonoseki | The Japanese government promptly massed army troops at Shimonoseki and Tsushima, with naval cooperation. | XL장 p.441 |
| AD 1882 | Seoul | Under Japanese military escort, Hanabusa re-entered Seoul on August 16. The Koreans received him with courtesy. | XL장 p.441 |
| AD 1882 | Seoul | On August 20 Hanabusa had an audience with the king and presented the Japanese government's demands. | XL장 p.441 |
| AD 1882 | Seoul | With no firm answer to the demands, Hanabusa left Seoul by ship on August 25, a show of force. | XL장 p.441 |
| AD 1882 | Seoul | After receiving the Daewongun's apology, Hanabusa returned to Seoul on August 30. Korea accepted all Japanese demands. | XL장 p.441 |
| AD 1882 | Tianjin | The Qing envoy summoned 3,000-4,000 Qing troops to Seoul, forcibly seized the Daewongun, and sent him to Tianjin aboard a Qing ship. | XL장 p.441 |
| AD 1882 | Seoul | New York Tribune telegram of October 2 (news up to September 13): the Korean government pledged to arrest and punish the rebels within 20 days and to meet Japan's terms, including indemnity and an apology mission. | XL장 p.441 |