Zizhi Tongjian (Comprehensive Mirror): a Standard history source. Covers 403 BC – AD 959, with 1456 events in chronological order. Text license and provenance included.
| Type | Standard history |
|---|---|
| Viewpoint | Insider account |
| Years covered | 403 BC – AD 959 |
| Events | 1456 events, 1066 placed on the map |
| Author | 司馬光 |
| Original title | 資治通鑑 |
Regions: China 1420 · Southeast Asia 19 · Korean Peninsula 9 · Japan 7 · Mongolia & Steppe 1
| Year | Place | Event | Passage |
|---|---|---|---|
| 403 BC | 洛陽 | King Weilie of Zhou first enfeoffed Wei Si, Zhao Ji and Han Qian, ministers of Jin, as feudal lords, recognizing the division of the three Jin states. | 資治通鑑 卷001 (원문 단락 #1, -403년) |
| 403 BC | 晉陽 | The three houses of Zhao, Han and Wei flooded the city of Jinyang, where Zhi Bo was, with water; only three layers (ban) of the wall were not submerged. | 資治通鑑 卷001 (원문 단락 #4, -403년) |
| 389 BC | 濁澤 | Tian He of Qi met Duke Wen of Wei and people of Chu and of the Wei state at Zhuoze and asked to be made a feudal lord; Duke Wen requested this from the Zhou king and the other lords and received permission. | 資治通鑑 卷001 (원문 단락 #32, -389년) |
| 380 BC | 桑丘 | Qi attacked Yan and took Sangqiu; Wei, Han and Zhao attacked Qi and reached Sangqiu. | 資治通鑑 卷001 (원문 단락 #49, -380년) |
| 379 BC | 臨淄 | Duke Kang of Qi died without an heir, and the Tian clan fully took over the state of Qi. | 資治通鑑 卷001 (원문 단락 #51, -379년) |
| 364 BC | 石門 | Duke Xian of Qin defeated the armies of the three Jin states at Shimen and beheaded sixty thousand; the King of Zhou bestowed on him ceremonial robes embroidered with fu-fu patterns. | 資治通鑑 卷002 (원문 단락 #89, -364년) |
| 361 BC | 大梁 | Wei moved its capital from Anyi to Daliang (summer, fourth month, day jiayin). | 資治通鑑 卷002 (원문 단락 #99, -361년) |
| 354 BC | 邯鄲 | King Hui of Wei attacked Zhao and besieged Handan; the King of Chu sent Jing She to rescue Zhao. | 資治通鑑 卷002 (원문 단락 #115, -354년) |
| 352 BC | 襄陵 | Wei, leading Han troops, defeated the allied lords at Xiangling; Qi sent Jing She of Chu to request peace, and King Hui of Wei gathered the forces that had besieged Qi and Song. | 資治通鑑 卷002 (원문 단락 #123, -352년) |
| 350 BC | 咸陽 | Shang Yang built gate towers and palaces at Xianyang and moved the capital there; he banned fathers and sons from sharing a room, merged small villages into thirty-one counties, abolished the jingtian system and carried out other reforms. | 資治通鑑 卷002 (원문 단락 #130, -350년) |
| 341 BC | 馬陵 | Pang Juan of Wei attacked Han, and Han asked Qi for help; the King of Wei of Qi discussed with his ministers when to send aid. Tian Ji urged early rescue; Sun Bin said that rescuing before Wei and Han were exhausted would make Han serve Wei in place of Qi. | 資治通鑑 卷002 (원문 단락 #143, -341년) |
| 334 BC | 徐州 | The King of Qi and the King of Wei met at Xuzhou and each called himself king; the King of Chu, hearing this, grew angry at Tian Ying. | 資治通鑑 卷002 (원문 단락 #158, -334년) |
| 329 BC | 汾陰 | Qin attacked Wei, crossed the Yellow River, took Fenyin and Pishi, and captured Jiao. | 資治通鑑 卷002 (원문 단락 #176, -329년) |
| 318 BC | 函谷關 | Chu, Zhao, Wei, Han and Yan together encamped and attacked Hangu Pass, but the Qin army resisted and the armies of the five states were all routed. | 資治通鑑 卷003 (원문 단락 #205, -318년) |
| 317 BC | 修魚 | Qin defeated the Han army at Xiuyu, beheaded eighty thousand, and captured Han generals (the first name is an unidentified character) and Shen Cha at Zhuoze; the lords grew afraid. | 資治通鑑 卷003 (원문 단락 #206, -317년) |
| 316 BC | 成都 | Ba and Shu attacked each other and asked Qin for help; King Hui of Qin hesitated over attacking Shu. Sima Cuo urged attacking Shu, and Zhang Yi urged attacking Han. | 資治通鑑 卷003 (원문 단락 #209, -316년) |
| 314 BC | 薊 | In Yan, King Zizhi had reigned three years when civil strife broke out; General Shi Pi and Crown Prince Ping attacked Zizhi but could not win, and the King of Qi spoke to the crown prince. | 資治通鑑 卷003 (원문 단락 #214, -314년) |
| 312 BC | 丹陽 | Qin utterly defeated Chu at Danyang, beheaded eighty thousand armored men, captured over seventy men including Qu Gai, and took the Hanzhong commandery; Chu was again badly defeated at Nantian. | 資治通鑑 卷003 (원문 단락 #221, -312년) |
| 307 BC | 宜陽 | Qin general Gan Mu attacked Yiyang for five months without taking it; the King of Qin added a great army, beheaded sixty thousand and took Yiyang, and Han asked for peace. | 資治通鑑 卷003 (원문 단락 #241, -307년) |
| 307 BC | 洛陽 | King Wu of Qin died after lifting a cauldron with Meng Shuo and breaking his leg bone; his half-brother Zhi, who had been a hostage in Yan, was brought back and enthroned as King Xiaoxiang. | 資治通鑑 卷003 (원문 단락 #242, -307년) |
| 299 BC | 咸陽 | The King of Qin, hearing of the wisdom of Lord Mengchang, sent Prince Jingyang as a hostage to Qi to ask for him; Mengchang entered Qin and became chancellor. | 資治通鑑 卷003 (원문 단락 #267, -299년) |
| 295 BC | 沙丘 | Prince Zhang was defeated and fled to Zhubao (King Wuling); Princes Cheng and Yitai surrounded Zhubao's palace, let the palace people out, and Zhubao could get no food. | 資治通鑑 卷004 (원문 단락 #288, -295년) |
| 279 BC | 鄢 | Bai Qi of Qin attacked Chu and took Yan, Deng and Xiling. | 資治通鑑 卷004 (원문 단락 #329, -279년) |
| 279 BC | 澠池 | At the Mianchi meeting, the King of Qin had the King of Zhao play the zither; Lin Xiangru asked the King of Qin to strike a fou jar and, by threatening him, got him to strike it once. | 資治通鑑 卷004 (원문 단락 #331, -279년) |
| 279 BC | 即墨 | Tian Dan had the townspeople make offerings so that birds alighted, and set up a soldier as 'divine teacher' to deceive Yan (defense of Jimo). | 資治通鑑 卷004 (원문 단락 #335, -279년) |
| 278 BC | 郢 | Bai Qi of Qin attacked Chu, took Ying and burned Yiling; King Qingxiang of Chu moved his capital northeast to Chen; Qin made Ying into Nanjun and enfeoffed Bai Qi as Lord of Wu'an. | 資治通鑑 卷004 (원문 단락 #343, -278년) |
| 273 BC | 華陽 | Zhao and Wei attacked Han's Huayang; Han informed Qin of the emergency, but the King of Qin did not rescue it; the chancellor of Han sent a letter to persuade Lord Rang. | 資治通鑑 卷004 (원문 단락 #351, -273년) |
| 270 BC | 閼與 | Qin besieged Zhao's Eyu; the King of Zhao asked Lian Po, Le Cheng and Zhao She whether to rescue it. Zhao She said that when two rats fight in a hole the braver one wins, and led troops to the rescue. | 資治通鑑 卷005 (원문 단락 #364, -270년) |
| 260 BC | 長平 | Qin's Wang He attacked Shangdang and took it; the people of Shangdang fled to Zhao. Lian Po of Zhao camped at Changping, and in the fourth month Wang He attacked Zhao, but the Zhao army was defeated many times. | 資治通鑑 卷005 (원문 단락 #386, -260년) |
| 260 BC | 長平 | Hearing that Zhao Kuo had become general, the King of Qin secretly made Bai Qi, Lord Wu'an, supreme general; Zhao Kuo changed the army's organization to attack Qin, but Bai Qi feigned defeat and struck from both sides with two cavalry units. | 資治通鑑 卷005 (원문 단락 #388, -260년) |
| 258 BC | 邯鄲 | In the first month Qin's Wang Ling attacked Handan but was at a disadvantage; even with reinforcements he lost five companies (xiao). Asked to replace him, the recovered Bai Qi declined, saying Handan was not easy to take. | 資治通鑑 卷005 (원문 단락 #394, -258년) |
| 257 BC | 邯鄲 | Prince Wuji (Lord Xinling) of Wei greatly defeated the Qin army under Handan; Wang He lifted the siege and fled, and Zheng Anping led twenty thousand and surrendered to Zhao. | 資治通鑑 卷005 (원문 단락 #401, -257년) |
| 249 BC | 成皋 | Qin's Meng Ao attacked Han and took Chenggao and Xingyang, and for the first time established Sanchuan Commandery. | 資治通鑑 卷006 (원문 단락 #435, -249년) |
| 247 BC | 咸陽 | In the fifth month of summer, day bingwu, the King of Qin (Zhuangxiang) died and Crown Prince Zheng, aged thirteen, ascended the throne; state affairs were entrusted to Lü Buwei, Lord of Wenxin, whom the king called Zhongfu. | 資治通鑑 卷006 (원문 단락 #444, -247년) |
| 229 BC | 井陘 | Qin's Wang Jian attacked Zhao from Shangdi, and Yang Duanhe attacked from Henei at Jingxing; Qin gave gold to Guo Kai to slander Li Mu and Sima Shang; Li Mu was killed and Sima Shang dismissed. | 資治通鑑 卷006 (원문 단락 #491, -229년) |
| 228 BC | 邯鄲 | Qin took Handan, captured King Qian of Zhao and pacified Zhao's land; the king went to Handan, killed Mu Jia's enemies, and returned by way of Taiyuan and Shangjun. | 資治通鑑 卷006 (원문 단락 #492, -228년) |
| 226 BC | 薊 | In the tenth month of winter Wang Jian took Ji; the King of Yan and the crown prince fled to Liaodong with elite troops, Li Xin pursued urgently, and the Great King Jia urged the King of Yan to kill Crown Prince Dan and offer his head. | 資治通鑑 卷007 (원문 단락 #503, -226년) |
| 225 BC | 大梁 | Wang Ben attacked Wei, drew the course of the Yellow River and flooded Daliang; in the third month the walls collapsed, King Jia of Wei surrendered and was killed, and Wei was destroyed. | 資治通鑑 卷007 (원문 단락 #505, -225년) |
| 221 BC | 臨淄 | Wang Ben went south from Yan to attack Qi and entered Linzi, and no one stopped him; Qin lured the King of Qi with a fief of five hundred li to surrender and confined him at Gong, where he starved to death. | 資治通鑑 卷007 (원문 단락 #518, -221년) |
| 219 BC | 嶧山 | The First Emperor toured the eastern commanderies, climbed Mount Yi to erect a monument of merit, and gathered seventy Lu scholars to discuss the feng sacrifice at the foot of Mount Tai; their opinions diverged, and he dismissed the scholars. | 資治通鑑 卷007 (원문 단락 #527, -219년) |
| 218 BC | 琅邪 | The First Emperor climbed Zhifu and set up stone inscriptions, then went to Langya and entered by way of Shangdang. | 資治通鑑 卷007 (원문 단락 #533, -218년) |
| 215 BC | 碣石 | The First Emperor went to Jieshi and asked the Yan native Lu Sheng for secrets of immortality, carved the Jieshi gate inscription, toured the northern frontier and entered by Shangjun. Following Lu Sheng's chart ('the one who will ruin Qin is Hu'), he had Meng Tian lead three hundred thousand against the Xiongnu. | 資治通鑑 卷007 (원문 단락 #535, -215년) |
| 212 BC | 咸陽 | Hou Sheng and Lu Sheng slandered the First Emperor and fled; the emperor had the Xianyang scholars questioned by censors, and more than four hundred sixty who had violated the ban were identified. | 資治通鑑 卷007 (원문 단락 #544, -212년) |
| 210 BC | 雲夢 | In the eleventh month the First Emperor reached Yunmeng, performed a distant sacrifice to Shun at Mount Jiuyi, sailed down the river and sacrificed to Da Yu at Kuaiji; on the way back he headed toward Langya. | 資治通鑑 卷007 (원문 단락 #548, -210년) |
| 209 BC | 會稽 | The Second Emperor, with Li Si, toured the eastern commanderies; from Jieshi along the sea to Kuaiji, he had the names of his ministers carved beside his father's stone inscriptions, and then returned. | 資治通鑑 卷007 (원문 단락 #555, -209년) |
| 209 BC | 蘄 | In the seventh month of autumn, Chen Sheng of Yangcheng and Wu Guang of Yangxia raised troops at Qi; nine hundred conscripts gathered at Dazexiang, having missed their deadline because of heavy rain and facing execution, killed their officers and rose up. | 資治通鑑 卷007 (원문 단락 #559, -209년) |
| 209 BC | 戲 | Zhou Wen gathered soldiers from the Guan region and camped at Xi with a thousand war chariots and hundreds of thousands of men; alarmed, the Second Emperor, on the advice of Zhang Han, the Shaofu, pardoned the convicts of Lishan and armed them. | 資治通鑑 卷007 (원문 단락 #570, -209년) |
| 208 BC | 東阿 | Xiang Liang defeated Zhang Han at Dong'e and advanced west to Dingtao, where he again defeated the Qin army; Xiang Yu and Pei Gong beheaded Li You at Yongqiu, but when Xiang Liang grew arrogant, Song Yi remonstrated with him. | 資治通鑑 卷008 (원문 단락 #621, -208년) |
| 207 BC | 鉅鹿 | At Julu the King Xie of Zhao and Zhang Er were freed and thanked the lords; when Zhang Er blamed Chen Yu for not rescuing them, Chen Yu gave back his seal of office. | 資治通鑑 卷008 (원문 단락 #637, -207년) |
| 207 BC | 嶢關 | When the Qin army blocked Yao Pass, Liu Bang wanted to attack; but Zhang Liang hung banners on the mountain to feign a righteous army, and sent Li Yiji and Lu Jia to win over the Qin generals with profit. | 資治通鑑 卷008 (원문 단락 #650, -207년) |
| 206 BC | 霸上 | In the tenth month of winter, when Duke Pei (Liu Bang) reached Bashang, King Ziying of Qin, in a white carriage with white horses and a cord around his neck, sealed his tallies and surrendered beside Zhidao; Duke Pei did not kill him and handed him over to the officials. | 資治通鑑 卷009 (원문 단락 #653, -206년) |
| 206 BC | 鴻門 | Duke Pei, with about a hundred horsemen, met Xiang Yu at Hongmen and apologized; Xiang Yu said that the Left Grand Marshal Cao Wushang had sown discord (the Hongmen banquet). | 資治通鑑 卷009 (원문 단락 #658, -206년) |
| 206 BC | 陳倉 | In the eighth month the King of Han came out by Gudao and attacked Yong; the King of Yong, Zhang Han, met him at Chencang and was defeated, then defeated again at Haochi, and fled to Feijiu; the King of Han pacified the land of Yong and besieged Feijiu. | 資治通鑑 卷009 (원문 단락 #668, -206년) |
| 205 BC | 城陽 | In the first month King Xiang reached Chengyang and fought Tian Rong, King of Qi, and won; Rong fled to Pingyuan and was killed. King Xiang set up Tian Jia as King of Qi, went to Beihai, burned the city walls there, and buried the soldiers who had surrendered. | 資治通鑑 卷009 (원문 단락 #682, -205년) |
| 205 BC | 彭城 | Xiang Yu, with thirty thousand elite troops, went from Lu through Huling to Xiao and struck the Han army at dawn; by noon he had routed them to the east as far as Pengcheng, and more than a hundred thousand Han soldiers drowned in the Gu and Si rivers. | 資治通鑑 卷009 (원문 단락 #688, -205년) |
| 204 BC | 井陘 | Han Xin halted thirty li before the Jingxing pass and at midnight sent two thousand light cavalry with red banners by a side road to seize the Zhao camp, preparing a battle with the river at their backs. | 資治通鑑 卷010 (원문 단락 #710, -204년) |
| 203 BC | 濰水 | In the eleventh month Qi and Chu, with Han, camped on either side of the Wei River and attacked; Han Xin blocked the upper river with more than ten thousand sandbags and then burst them, so most of Longju's army could not cross, and Longju was killed in battle. | 資治通鑑 卷010 (원문 단락 #736, -203년) |
| 203 BC | 鴻溝 | Xiang Yu's food ran out and Han Xin attacked; through Hou Gong he recovered his father, Taigong, and they agreed to divide the world along the Hongou canal, Han to the west and Chu to the east; in the ninth month the Chu army withdrew eastward. | 資治通鑑 卷010 (원문 단락 #746, -203년) |
| 202 BC | 垓下 | In the twelfth month, at Gaixia, Xiang Yu ran out of troops and food and was surrounded several layers deep by the Han and the lords' armies; at midnight, hearing Chu songs from all sides, he was startled and sang a sorrowful song. | 資治通鑑 卷011 (원문 단락 #750, -202년) |
| 201 BC | 馬邑 | In autumn the Xiongnu besieged Han Xin, King of Han, at Mayi; Xin negotiated for peace but was suspected, so in the ninth month he gave up Mayi; Modu crossed Jiuzhu and attacked Taiyuan and Jinyang. | 資治通鑑 卷011 (원문 단락 #794, -201년) |
| 200 BC | 銅鞮 | Emperor Gaozu personally defeated Han Xin at Tongdi and beheaded his general Wang Xi; Xin fled to the Xiongnu. Manqiu Chen and Wang Huang set up Zhao Li as king and planned new attacks with the Xiongnu. | 資治通鑑 卷011 (원문 단락 #799, -200년) |
| 200 BC | 白登 | Emperor Gao first reached Pingcheng, but his troops had not fully gathered; Modu, with four hundred thousand elite horsemen, surrounded him at Baideng for seven days. By Chen Ping's stratagem, generous gifts were sent to the yanzhi (empress), and the siege was lifted. | 資治通鑑 卷011 (원문 단락 #801, -200년) |
| 195 BC | 蘄 | In the tenth month of winter, Emperor Gao and Jing Bu met west of Ji county; Gao built a fort at Yongcheng, and when Jing Bu said he wanted to be emperor, a great battle followed; Jing Bu was defeated and fled across the Huai. | 資治通鑑 卷012 (원문 단락 #855, -195년) |
| 183 BC | 長沙 | Zhao Tuo of Southern Yue proclaimed himself Emperor Wu of Southern Yue, sent troops to attack Changsha, broke several counties and withdrew. | 資治通鑑 卷013 (원문 단락 #937, -183년) |
| 180 BC | 長安 | Lü Shan, not knowing that Lü Lu had left the Northern Army, entered the Weiyang Palace to plot rebellion, but hesitated and could not get past the palace gate; after an urgent report from Lord Pingyang, the Grand Commandant gave about a thousand soldiers to Zhang, Marquis of Zhuxu, to guard the palace. | 資治通鑑 卷013 (원문 단락 #973, -180년) |
| 166 BC | 蕭關 | In winter the Xiongnu shanyu Laoshang entered Zhaona and Xiaoguan with a hundred and forty thousand horsemen, killed the Northern Commandery's Commandant Yang, plundered many people and livestock, passed through Pengyang and burned the Huizhong palace; the Han set generals and stationed a hundred thousand troops near Chang'an. | 資治通鑑 卷015 (원문 단락 #1116, -166년) |
| 154 BC | 廣陵 | The rebellion of the Seven States of Wu and Chu: when Chao Cuo's document reached the commanderies of Kuaiji and Yuzhang in Wu, the King of Wu rose first and killed officials of two thousand shi and below; Jiaoxi, Jiaodong, Zichuan, Jinan, Chu and Zhao also rebelled. | 資治通鑑 卷016 (원문 단락 #1179, -154년) |
| 154 BC | 臨菑 | The three kings besieged Linzi; the Emperor had the Lu-zhong daifu, envoy of the King of Qi, convey the message: 'The Han army will soon defeat Wu and Chu, so hold firm'; but the siege had several layers and he could not get in. | 資治通鑑 卷016 (원문 단락 #1193, -154년) |
| 133 BC | 馬邑 | She Yi, a powerful household of Mayi in Yanmen, proposed through Wang Hui, the daxing, to lure the Xiongnu with profit and strike them with an ambush; Emperor Wu asked his ministers about it. | 資治通鑑 卷018 (원문 단락 #1356, -133년) |
| 130 BC | 夜郎 | Tang Meng, as Zhonglang-jiang, led a thousand men and tens of thousands in rations into the frontier passes of Ba and Shu; he met the Lord of Yelang, Duo Tong, persuaded him with profit, and obtained his promise to accept officials; on returning he set up Jianwei Commandery. | 資治通鑑 卷018 (원문 단락 #1369, -130년) |
| 127 BC | 雲中 | The Xiongnu entered Shanggu and Yuyang, killing more than a thousand and plundering; Wei Qing and Li Xi went out from west of Yunzhong to Longxi, attacked the kings of Loufan and Baiyang in Henan, took the land of Henan, and enfeoffed Wei Qing as Marquis of Changping. | 資治通鑑 卷018 (원문 단락 #1414, -127년) |
| 124 BC | 高闕 | The Xiongnu right worthy king repeatedly raided Shuofang; the General of Chariots and Cavalry Wei Qing sortied from Gaoque with thirty thousand horsemen; Su Jian, Li Ju, Gongsun He and Li Cai all came under Wei Qing and advanced together from Shuofang. | 資治通鑑 卷019 (원문 단락 #1441, -124년) |
| 121 BC | 焉支山 | General of the Standard Huo Qubing sortied from Longxi with ten thousand horsemen; crossing five kingdoms he fought for six days, passed beyond Yanzhi Mountain for more than a thousand li, beheaded the Kings of Jielan and of Lu, captured a son and the chancellor of the King of Hunye, and obtained the golden statue of Heaven from the King of Xiutu. | 資治通鑑 卷019 (원문 단락 #1476, -121년) |
| 121 BC | 祁連山 | In summer Huo Qubing and Gongsun Ao went out from Beidi, while Zhang Qian and Li Guang went out separately from Youbeiping; Li Guang, advancing ahead with four thousand horsemen, was surrounded by forty thousand horsemen of the Left Worthy King of the Xiongnu. | 資治通鑑 卷019 (원문 단락 #1477, -121년) |
| 119 BC | 狼居胥山 | Huo Qubing went more than 2,000 li out from Dai and Youbeiping, crossed the great desert, captured the kings of Tuntou and Han, performed the feng rite at Mount Langju and the shan rite at Guyan, then climbed Hanhai and looked out on the sea. | 資治通鑑 卷019 (원문 단락 #1505, -119년) |
| 115 BC | 烏孫 | When Zhang Qian reached Wusun, the Kunmo's manner was arrogant. Zhang Qian urged that if they returned to their old eastern lands, the Han would send a princess to become kin and jointly check the Xiongnu. But Wusun feared the distant Han and the Xiongnu and did not want to move. | 資治通鑑 卷020 (원문 단락 #1547, -115년) |
| 111 BC | 番禺 | Admiral-General Yang Pu entered the land of Yue, took the Xunxia gorge, broke Shimen, and reached Panyu, where he besieged the walls of the Southern Yue king Jian De and the chancellor Lü Jia, setting fires to attack. General Lu Bode also arrived. | 資治通鑑 卷020 (원문 단락 #1581, -111년) |
| 110 BC | 泰山 | In the fourth month, at Fenggao, sacrifices were offered to the Earth Lord of Liangfu Mountain. On the day yimao, a feng mound was raised east of Mount Tai below. The Son of Heaven, with the attendant Guo Zihou, ascended Mount Tai and performed a secret rite. | 資治通鑑 卷020 (원문 단락 #1596, -110년) |
| 109 BC | 朝鮮 | Emperor Wu recruited condemned criminals as soldiers. Yang Pu, the admiral-general, crossed the Bohai from Qi, and the left general Xun Zhi was sent out to Liaodong, to attack Chosŏn. | 資治通鑑 卷021 (원문 단락 #1612, -109년) |
| 108 BC | 王險城 | The left general broke the troops on the Pae River and besieged the northwest of the walls, while the admiral's fleet besieged the south. Wiggu held his city firmly for several months and it did not fall. The two generals were at odds. | 資治通鑑 卷021 (원문 단락 #1620, -108년) |
| 102 BC | 大宛 | The Commandery-General Li again set out, massacred the Yun-tai garrison, and marched west to the walls of Dayuan. With thirty thousand troops he attacked the Dayuan army and drove it into the city, but hesitated to attack the Yu-cheng. | 資治通鑑 卷021 (원문 단락 #1667, -102년) |
| 99 BC | 天山 | In the fifth month, General Li Guangli, the Commandery-General, went out from Jiuquan with thirty thousand cavalry and struck the Prince of the Right at Tianshan, taking more than ten thousand heads. On the return he was surrounded by the Xiongnu and suffered many casualties, but Zhao Chongguo and others broke out of the encirclement. | 資治通鑑 卷021 (원문 단락 #1686, -99년) |
| 99 BC | 浚稽山 | Li Ling met the Chanyu at Junji Mountain and was surrounded by thirty thousand horsemen. Between the two mountains he built a camp with large carts and, with a thousand crossbows, killed several thousand. | 資治通鑑 卷021 (원문 단락 #1689, -99년) |
| 74 BC | 長安 | Huo Guang, with the ministers, had an audience with the Empress Dowager and reported that the King of Changyi could not succeed to the ancestral temple. The Empress Dowager came out to the Chengming Hall of Weiyang and blocked the golden gate, so that the Changyi officials could not enter. | 資治通鑑 卷024 (원문 단락 #1866, -74년) |
| 65 BC | 莎車 | Feng Fengshi beheaded the King of Shache, then reached far-off Dayuan in the west, was honored there, and obtained famous horses on his return. Su Wangzhi opposed this, saying that a case of mobilizing the regional troops of the Protectorate without royal command could not serve as a precedent. | 資治通鑑 卷025 (원문 단락 #1963, -65년) |
| 51 BC | 長安 | The Xiongnu Chanyu Huhanye came to court and called himself a vassal, but was not to be addressed by his personal name. He received generous gifts of court robes, clothing, a golden swan, a sword, a bow, and a peace-pledge chariot. | 資治通鑑 卷027 (원문 단락 #2093, -51년) |
| 36 BC | 都賴水 | Chen Tang and Gan Yanshui encamped in front of Zhizhi's walls, three li from the city, at the Duolai River. On the walls appeared several hundred men in five-colored banners and armor, and about a hundred cavalry came out to provoke them. | 資治通鑑 卷029 (원문 단락 #2226, -36년) |
| 22 BC | 穎川 | In the sixth month, Shentu Sheng and other one hundred and eighty convicts from Yingchuan Tieguan killed their officials, looted the arsenal, and called themselves generals while passing through nine commanderies. The Chancellor's Assistant and the Censor-in-Chief pursued them, and all were executed. | 資治通鑑 卷031 (원문 단락 #2337, -22년) |
| AD 6 | 安眾 | In the fourth month, Liu Chong, Marquis of Anzhong, conspired with Zhang Shao, the chancellor, to oppose Wang Mang, the Lord of Anhan. With the whole clan of over a hundred men he attacked Wan, but could not enter and was defeated. | 資治通鑑 卷036 (원문 단락 #2661, 6년) |
| AD 13 | 焉耆 | The Western Regions were shaken by Wang Mang's loss of faith. Yanqi rebelled first and killed the Protector-General Duan Qin, and the Western Regions collapsed. | 資治通鑑 卷037 (원문 단락 #2741, 13년) |
| AD 22 | 舂陵 | Liu Yan (Bosheng) gathered heroes and said that the tyranny, drought, and war of Wang Mang called for reviving the great work of Emperor Gao of Han. He sent his retainers to several counties to raise cavalry, and raised the youths of Chongling himself. | 資治通鑑 卷038 (원문 단락 #2825, 22년) |
| AD 23 | 昆陽 | In the sixth month, on the day jiwei, the first day of the moon, Liu Xiu, with about a thousand Baoji men, led the vanguard, camped four or five li ahead of the main army, and cut down several thousand sent by Wang Xun and Wang Yi. The commanders were amazed at his bravery. | 資治通鑑 卷039 (원문 단락 #2840, 23년) |
| AD 23 | 長安 | In the ninth month, on the day wushen, the rebel army entered through the Xianping city gate, and Wang Yi and others faced them below the Northern Gate, but at dusk the government troops collapsed. Young men of the city, Zhu Ti, Zhang Yu and others, to avoid looting, responded and set fire to Zuoshi Gate. | 資治通鑑 卷039 (원문 단락 #2849, 23년) |
| AD 24 | 長安 | Shentu Jian and Li Song met Emperor Jing of Geng-shi at Chang'an, and in the second month Emperor Jing left Luoyang and arrived at Chang'an. Amid the discontent of the heroes of the Three Chancelleries, a general amnesty was declared. | 資治通鑑 卷039 (원문 단락 #2862, 24년) |
| AD 25 | 成都 | On the advice of Li Xiong, the Gongcao of Shu, Gongsun Shu in the fourth month declared himself emperor, founded the Cheng house, renamed the era Yonghsing, and made Li Xiong Grand Minister of Works. Yue Xiu Ren Gui led his commandery to surrender. | 資治通鑑 卷040 (원문 단락 #2896, 25년) |
| AD 25 | 長安 | When the Red Eyebrows reached Gaoling, Wang Guang and Zhang Ang surrendered and together attacked the Dongdao Gate. In the ninth month the Red Eyebrows entered Chang'an, and Emperor Jing alone fled through the Zhufang Gate. | 資治通鑑 卷040 (원문 단락 #2914, 25년) |
| AD 25 | 洛陽 | In the tenth month, on the day guichou, Emperor Guangwu entered Luoyang, stayed in the Southern Palace, and fixed it as the capital. | 資治通鑑 卷040 (원문 단락 #2920, 25년) |
| AD 26 | 內黃 | In the eighth month, Emperor Guangwu personally led an expedition against the Five Chiefs. On the day bingchen he reached Neihuang and crushed the Five Chiefs at Yiyang, forcing fifty thousand men to surrender. | 資治通鑑 卷040 (원문 단락 #2967, 26년) |
| AD 28 | 黎丘 | In the eleventh month, while Emperor Guangwu was in Wan, Zan Peng attacked Chen Feng for three years and beheaded ninety thousand. In the twelfth month he reached Liqiu and tried to persuade Chen Feng, who refused. Zhu You besieged Liqiu in place of Zan Peng, while Zan Peng attacked Tian Rong. | 資治通鑑 卷041 (원문 단락 #3033, 28년) |
| AD 30 | 朐 | Wu Han and others took Qu, beheaded Dong Xian and Pang Meng, and Jiang, Huai, and Shandong were all pacified. | 資治通鑑 卷042 (원문 단락 #3090, 30년) |
| AD 30 | 長安 | In the fourth month, on the day bingzi, Emperor Guangwu went to Chang'an, visited the Yuan Tomb, sent generals Jing Yan, Gai Yan and seven others to Longdu to attack Shu, and sent Lai Xi to persuade Wei Xiao. | 資治通鑑 卷042 (원문 단락 #3099, 30년) |
| AD 31 | 陰槃 | In autumn Wei Xiao invaded Anding with thirty thousand men. When they reached Yinpan, Feng Yi blocked them. Another subordinate general came down from Long to attack Ji Zun, but both attacks came to nothing and withdrew. | 資治通鑑 卷042 (원문 단락 #3124, 31년) |
| AD 36 | 成都 | In the eleventh month, when Zhang Gong reached the city gate, on the day wuxu Gongsun Shu personally attacked the Han army with tens of thousands. Yan Cen won three times, but while the troops were weary, Han's Gao Wu pierced Shu's horse and unhorsed him. | 資治通鑑 卷043 (원문 단락 #3193, 36년) |
| AD 40 | 交趾 | In the second month, the sisters Zheng Ce and Zheng Yi rebelled, and the Man peoples of Jiuzhen, Rinan, and Hepu joined them, attacking sixty-five cities. They made themselves kings and set their capital at Mi-ling. The governor and magistrate of Jiaozhi barely escaped by surrendering. | 資治通鑑 卷043 (원문 단락 #3236, 40년) |
| AD 45 | 不韋 | In the first month, pursuing to Buwei, they beheaded the leader of the Dongcan, and all the Southwestern Yi were pacified. | 資治通鑑 卷043 (원문 단락 #3288, 45년) |
| AD 56 | 泰山 | Emperor Guangwu was moved by the words 'the Luo River's ch'i-liu and chiu-she, the name of the great ancestors' in the Ho-t'u hui-ch'ang fu, and ordered Yang Song to investigate the Luo prophetic texts. When Zhang Shun and others asked for the feng and shan sacrifices, he consented. | 資治通鑑 卷044 (원문 단락 #3359, 56년) |
| AD 57 | 洛陽 | On the second month, day wuxu, Emperor Guangwu died in the Southern Palace hall at the age of sixty-two. Every morning he had not rested from court audiences and scripture lectures, so the crown prince worried about his health. | 資治通鑑 卷044 (원문 단락 #3374, 57년) |
| AD 73 | 鄯善 | Dou Gu wished to send Ban Chao as an envoy to Yutian, but Ban Chao said he would go with only thirty-six men. King Guangde of Yutian was powerful in the south, and the Xiongnu had sent envoys there to supervise. | 資治通鑑 卷045 (원문 단락 #3476, 73년) |
| AD 75 | 疏勒 | Geng Gong took Shule city, which lay beside a stream, as a base. In the seventh month the Xiongnu cut off the water course, and though the well dug in the city was fifteen zhang deep, no water came. They drank even manure juice until at last a spring welled up. | 資治通鑑 卷045 (원문 단락 #3494, 75년) |
| AD 78 | 姑墨 | In the intercalary month, Ban Chao, the Western Regions Escort-Commissioner, led troops of Shule, Kangju, Yutian, and Kumi, numbering ten thousand, and attacked and defeated the stone city of Gumo, taking seven hundred heads. | 資治通鑑 卷046 (원문 단락 #3537, 78년) |
| AD 84 | 莎車 | Ban Chao led the troops of Shule and Yutian against Shache. Shache bribed the King Chong of Shule to rebel and held out in Wuji city. Ban Chao set up Chengda of the Fu-chen of Shule as king and attacked King Chong. | 資治通鑑 卷046 (원문 단락 #3590, 84년) |
| AD 87 | 雲中 | The Northern Xiongnu fell into great disorder, and Qu Lanchu and fifty-eight other tribes, two hundred and eighty thousand people, surrendered at Yunzhong, Wuyuan, Shuofang, and Beidi. | 資治通鑑 卷047 (원문 단락 #3624, 87년) |
| AD 87 | 莎車 | Ban Chao led about twenty-five thousand troops of Yutian and the other vassal states against Shache. The King of Kuche led fifty thousand soldiers of Wensu, Gumo, and Weitu to relieve it. Ban Chao, judging his own force too small, devised a stratagem of pretending to scatter. | 資治通鑑 卷047 (원문 단락 #3626, 87년) |
| AD 89 | 雞鹿塞 | In the sixth month, Dou Xian and Geng Bing set out from the Jiuling Pass in Shuofang, the southern Chanyu from the Manyi valley, and the General of Dao Yu, Deng Hong, from Gaoyang Pass, and they gathered at Zhuoxie Mountain. Dou Xian's flying column defeated the Northern Chanyu greatly at Jilu Mountain. | 資治通鑑 卷047 (원문 단락 #3647, 89년) |
| AD 90 | 伊吾 | Dou Xian ordered the deputy colonel Yan Pan to raid the Northern Xiongnu's Yiwu garrison with about two thousand cavalry and recover the land. The Chashi Qian and Hou Wang sent their sons as attendants. | 資治通鑑 卷047 (원문 단락 #3656, 90년) |
| AD 91 | 金微山 | In the second month, Dou Xian sent Geng Kui and Ren Shang to Juyan Pass, surrounded and crushed the Northern Chanyu at Jinwei Mountain. The Chanyu's mother, Yanzhi, and the Mingwang and more than five thousand heads were taken, and the Chanyu fled. | 資治通鑑 卷047 (원문 단락 #3664, 91년) |
| AD 94 | 焉耆 | Ban Chao, the Protector-General of the Western Regions, led more than seventy thousand troops of eight kingdoms including Kuche and Shanshan to attack Yanqi. He lured the King Guang of Yanqi and the King Fan of Weili into Chenmu old city, killed them, took five thousand heads, and set up Yuan Meng as the new king. | 資治通鑑 卷048 (원문 단락 #3712, 94년) |
| AD 105 | 遼東 | In spring, King Gung of Goguryeo entered the Liaodong border and plundered six counties. | 資治通鑑 卷048 (원문 단락 #3783, 105년) |
| AD 108 | 漢陽 | In the first month, Deng Zhi reached Hanyang, but before the army arrived he was defeated at Qiishu by thousands of Zong Qiang and lost a thousand men. Yang Gen defeated more than ten thousand Qiang at Zhangye and Gu Zhang and other places. | 資治通鑑 卷049 (원문 단락 #3840, 108년) |
| AD 108 | 北地 | Dian Ling declared himself emperor, gathered the Wu-dao, Can-lang, Shangjun, and Xihe Zazhong Qiang of Beidi, cut off Nongdu, and plundered the Three Capitals. He entered the southern Yi Province and killed the Hanzhong Governor Dong Bing. | 資治通鑑 卷049 (원문 단락 #3845, 108년) |
| AD 109 | 美稷 | The Southern Chanyu besieged the Zhongla general Geng Zhong at Meiji. In the eleventh month, Xia Xi and others led the five camps and twenty thousand border-troops, and the Liaodong governor Jing Qi, leading the Xianbei and the various soldiers, was ordered to attack together. | 資治通鑑 卷049 (원문 단락 #3859, 109년) |
| AD 111 | 河東 | The Xianling Qiang raided Hedong and reached Henei, and the people, alarmed, fled south. Five camps of the Northern Army were stationed at Mengjin, and six hundred sixteen fortresses were built in Weijun, Zhaoguo, Shangshan, and Zhongshan. | 資治通鑑 卷049 (원문 단락 #3887, 111년) |
| AD 116 | 靈州 | On the day guiyou, General Deng Zun of Dao-yu led the Southern Chanyu against Lingchang at Lingzhou and beheaded more than eight hundred. | 資治通鑑 卷050 (원문 단락 #3943, 116년) |
| AD 120 | 伊吾 | The Northern Xiongnu, together with the Cheshi Houwang army, killed the Houfu Sima and the Dunhuang Changshi Suo Ban and others, expelled the former King, and seized the northern road. The Shanshan, in urgent need, asked for rescue from the court, but the high ministers closed the Yumen Pass. | 資治通鑑 卷050 (원문 단락 #3987, 120년) |
| AD 123 | 曼柏 | The Xianbei chief Qizhijian attacked the Southern Xiongnu at Manbai with ten thousand horsemen, killing the king Yujian Rizhu and more than a thousand men. | 資治通鑑 卷050 (원문 단락 #4054, 123년) |
| AD 124 | 樓蘭 | In the first month, when Ban Yong reached Loulan, Shanshan submitted and was granted three seals of rank. King Bai Ying of Kuche, suspicious, bound himself and surrendered together with the Gaomo and Wensu troops. Ban Yong, with ten thousand soldiers, drove back the Xiongnu Erwang at Zhanqian, the old Chaci king's court. | 資治通鑑 卷050 (원문 단락 #4057, 124년) |
| AD 125 | 車師 | In the seventh month, Ban Yong, Dunhuang, Zhangye, and Jiuquan cavalry of six thousand, together with all the troops of Shanshan, Shule, and Cheshi, greatly defeated the Houfu king Junjiu, took more than eight thousand heads, captured Junjiu and the Xiongnu envoy, and beheaded them at the place where Suo Ban had died. | 資治通鑑 卷051 (원문 단락 #4090, 125년) |
| AD 125 | 洛陽 | On the eleventh month, day yimao, eunuchs such as Sun Cheng gathered beneath the Xizong Hall, cut their sleeves to swear oaths, and plotted a coup. | 資治通鑑 卷051 (원문 단락 #4093, 125년) |
| AD 126 | 臨洮 | The Zong Qiang of Longxi rebelled. Captain Ma Xian fought at Lintao and beheaded more than a thousand; the Qiang all surrendered, and Liangzhou was stabilized again. | 資治通鑑 卷051 (원문 단락 #4111, 126년) |
| AD 127 | 焉耆 | The Western Regions' kingdoms submitted, but only the King Yuan Meng of Yanqi refused to surrender, and Ban Yong requested an attack. Zhang Lang, Governor of Dunhuang, divided three thousand troops of the four Hexi commanderies and about forty thousand kingdom troops into two routes to meet by appointment, but Zhang Lang, hurrying for merit, went ahead first. | 資治通鑑 卷051 (원문 단락 #4123, 127년) |
| AD 140 | 西河 | The Southern Xiongnu, Jiulong king Wusi and Chaniu and others rebelled, raided Xihe, and lured the Youxian king to besiege Mijie, killing the chief officials of Shuofang and Dai. The Taoyao General Ma Su and others struck by surprise with more than twenty thousand from the border troops and the Qiang and Hu, and defeated them. | 資治通鑑 卷052 (원문 단락 #4232, 140년) |
| AD 141 | 射姑山 | In the first month, the Zhengxi General Ma Xian fought the Qiedong Qiang at Shegu Mountain and was defeated; Ma Xian and his two sons died in battle. The Eastern and Western Qiang joined together in a great way. | 資治通鑑 卷052 (원문 단락 #4242, 141년) |
| AD 144 | 歷陽 | Yin Yao, Governor-General of Yangzhou, and Deng Xian, Governor of Jiujiang, were defeated and killed while attacking Fan Rong and others at Liyang. | 資治通鑑 卷052 (원문 단락 #4280, 144년) |
| AD 145 | 廣陵 | Teng Fu attacked Zhang Ying, and in the eleventh month, day bingwu, broke him, taking more than a thousand heads. The next day an edict ordered that the Gentleman of the Palace, Zhao Xu, a coward who had inflated the number of heads, be publicly executed. | 資治通鑑 卷052 (원문 단락 #4296, 145년) |
| AD 159 | 洛陽 | On the eighth month, day dingchou, Liang Ji, suspecting Xuan Chu and others, ordered the eunuch Zhang Yun to stand guard in the palace. Xuan Yuan arrested Zhang Yun; the emperor came out to the front hall, summoned the secretaries, and clarified the situation. The Director of Secretaries Yun Xun took back the seals, and stood guard at the city gates with weapons drawn. (A coup to execute Liang Ji.) | 資治通鑑 卷054 (원문 단락 #4420, 159년) |
| AD 160 | 張掖 | The remnants of the Western Qiang raided Xiahe and Zhangye, and at dawn attacked Duan Jiong's camp. Duan Jiong dismounted and fought at close quarters; even when his arrows ran out he pursued them for more than two thousand li to Chishi Mountain, beheaded the great chief Xiahe, and made them surrender. | 資治通鑑 卷054 (원문 단락 #4440, 160년) |
| AD 161 | 湟中 | In winter, Xianling and Xinji Qiang raided Bing and Liang prefectures. Captain Duan Jiong led the Huangzhong Yizong to suppress them, but Liangzhou Governor Guo Hong, jealous of his merit, blocked his troops; the Yizong scattered and Duan Jiong was thrown in prison. | 資治通鑑 卷054 (원문 단락 #4466, 161년) |
| AD 166 | 洛陽 | Zhang Sheng of Henei predicted amnesties by divination and had his son commit murder; Li Ying, Commandant of Divine Ritual, arrested and executed him. The eunuchs had Lei Shou, a disciple of Zhang Sheng, accuse Li Ying and others of consorting with Taixue students and slandering the court. (The first Party Prohibition.) | 資治通鑑 卷055 (원문 단락 #4548, 166년) |
| AD 172 | 句章 | In the eleventh month, Xu Sheng, a bandit of Kuaiji Yaoyu, proclaimed himself Emperor Yang Ming in Juzhang, and his followers numbered tens of thousands. The Governor of Yangzhou, Zang Min, and the Danyang Governor Chen Yin were sent to suppress him. | 資治通鑑 卷057 (원문 단락 #4608, 172년) |
| AD 183 | 鉅鹿 | Zhang Jue of Julu served the Huang-Lao teachings and taught the Taiping Dao, healing illnesses with water and incantations, and in some ten years gathered hundreds of thousands of followers across the eight provinces of Qing, Xu, You, Ji, Xing, Yang, Yan, and Yu. | 資治通鑑 卷058 (원문 단락 #4740, 183년) |
| AD 184 | 洛陽 | In spring, Tang Zhou, a disciple of Zhang Jue, informed on him, and Ma Yuanyi was torn apart in Luoyang. More than a thousand were executed by edict, and when Ji Province tried to arrest Zhang Jue, Zhang Jue immediately ordered a simultaneous uprising and used the Yellow Turbans as their sign. | 資治通鑑 卷058 (원문 단락 #4743, 184년) |
| AD 184 | 宛 | On the day gengzi, Zhang Mancheng, Yellow Turban of Nanyang, attacked and killed the Governor Chu Gong. | 資治通鑑 卷058 (원문 단락 #4749, 184년) |
| AD 184 | 潁川 | Huangfu Song and Zhu Jun, with forty thousand troops, subdued the Yellow Turbans of Yingchuan. When Zhu Jun was defeated by Bo Cai, Huangfu Song withdrew to Changshe and held out. | 資治通鑑 卷058 (원문 단락 #4752, 184년) |
| AD 184 | 長社 | Bo Cai besieged Huangfu Song at Changshe. On a windy night, Huangfu Song used a torch tactic to set fire to the enemy camp and broke them; just then the Captain of the Gate, Cao Cao, arrived with his troops. | 資治通鑑 卷058 (원문 단락 #4754, 184년) |
| AD 184 | 廣宗 | Lu Zhi, Northern Gentleman-General of the Palace, repeatedly defeated Zhang Jue, taking more than ten thousand heads. Jue fled to Guangzong and held out there. Lu Zhi nearly took the city using trenches and siege towers, but the Lesser Eunuch Zuo Feng slandered him and the emperor was angered. | 資治通鑑 卷058 (원문 단락 #4760, 184년) |
| AD 184 | 蒼亭 | In the eighth month, Huangfu Song fought the Yellow Turbans at Cangting and captured their leader Bu Yi. Dong Zhuo, having no merit against Zhang Jue, was punished, and on day jisi Huangfu Song was ordered to suppress Jue. | 資治通鑑 卷058 (원문 단락 #4762, 184년) |
| AD 184 | 廣宗 | In the tenth month, Huangfu Song fought Zhang Jue's younger brother Zhang Liang at Guangzong. At first he did not win, but the next dawn he made a surprise attack and broke them greatly, beheading Zhang Liang and taking thirty thousand heads; fifty thousand died by drowning in the Yellow River. Jue had already died of illness. | 資治通鑑 卷058 (원문 단락 #4765, 184년) |
| AD 184 | 宛 | The remnants of Zhang Mancheng chose Zhao Hong as their chief, and with over a hundred thousand occupied Wancheng. Zhu Jun and the Xingzhou Governor Xu Jiu besieged it from the sixth to the eighth month without taking it, and talk of recall arose. | 資治通鑑 卷058 (원문 단락 #4770, 184년) |
| AD 185 | 美陽 | Zhang Wen stationed more than a hundred thousand troops at Meiyang; Bian Zhang and Han Sui fought them, but went badly. In the eleventh month Dong Zhuo, with Bao Hong, attacked and broke them greatly, and Bian Zhang and Han Sui fled to Youzhong. | 資治通鑑 卷058 (원문 단락 #4790, 185년) |
| AD 188 | 綿竹 | Ma Xiang and Zhao Zhi of Yizhou rose in Mianzhu, calling themselves Yellow Turbans, killed the governor Xi Jian, then attacked Bajun and Jianwei and in one month broke three commanderies. Shang, who called himself the Son of Heaven, was defeated by the Zongshi Jia Long, and when Liu Yan came, the seat of government was moved to Mianzhu. | 資治通鑑 卷059 (원문 단락 #4831, 188년) |
| AD 188 | 陳倉 | In the eleventh month, Wang Guo besieged Chencang, so Huangfu Song was reinstated as Left General and made to hold it with Dong Zhuo, the Right General, with forty thousand men. | 資治通鑑 卷059 (원문 단락 #4840, 188년) |
| AD 189 | 洛陽 | On the eighth month, day wuchen, He Jin entered the Changle Palace and asked the Empress Dowager to execute the eunuchs. Zhang Yang and Duan Gui overheard and, with dozens of men armed, entered secretly by a side gate and lay in ambush. | 資治通鑑 卷059 (원문 단락 #4859, 189년) |
| AD 189 | 洛陽 | On the ninth month, day guiyou, Dong Zhuo gathered all the officials and said that the emperor was incompetent, and that he would set up the King of Chenliu, threatening to suppress any objection. The high ministers, in fear, could not answer. | 資治通鑑 卷059 (원문 단락 #4865, 189년) |
| AD 190 | 長安 | On day dingyou, Dong Zhuo moved the imperial carriage west. He accused the wealthy of crimes, confiscating and executing them, and drove several million commoners toward Chang'an until they collapsed and died, and burned palace halls, tombs, offices, and homes for two hundred li around Luoyang. | 資治通鑑 卷059 (원문 단락 #4890, 190년) |
| AD 190 | 酸棗 | Cao Cao reached Suanzao; the many troops of the coalition held daily feasts and he rebuked them. Yuan Shao, with the Henei troops, went to Mengjin; the Suanzao commanders blocked Chengpo and Wuchang; and Yuan Shu proposed entering Guanzhong through Dan and Shi from Nanyang. | 資治通鑑 卷059 (원문 단락 #4896, 190년) |
| AD 190 | 魯陽 | In winter, Sun Jian feasted with his officers east of Luyang city, when Dong Zhuo's tens of thousands of troops made a surprise attack. He set the ranks in order and entered the city slowly, so that Dong Zhuo's army did not dare to attack and withdrew. | 資治通鑑 卷059 (원문 단락 #4902, 190년) |
| AD 190 | 河陽 | Wang Kuang stationed at Heyang Town and Dong Zhuo attacked and broke him greatly. | 資治通鑑 卷059 (원문 단락 #4903, 190년) |
| AD 191 | 陽人 | Sun Jian was defeated by Xu Rong at the diversion at Yang, then gathered his scattered troops and stationed at Yangren. Dong Zhuo sent Hu Zhen and Lü Bu; Sun Jian routed them and beheaded Hua Xiong. Someone warned Yuan Shu that Sun Jian's victory was 'exterminating wolves and getting a tiger'. | 資治通鑑 卷060 (원문 단락 #4913, 191년) |
| AD 192 | 界橋 | Yuan Shao fought Gongsun Zan twenty li south of Jieqiao. Zan's thirty thousand cavalry charged, but Guo Yi's eight hundred elite troops lay hidden beneath shields, then fired all together at ten-odd paces and crushed them. | 資治通鑑 卷060 (원문 단락 #4936, 192년) |
| AD 192 | 長安 | On the fourth month, day dingsi, Dong Zhuo rode in a carriage in court dress into the Weiyang Hall assembly, with soldiers lining both sides of the road. Lü Bu received Wang Yun's edict and disguised Li Su, Chen Gong, and ten others as guards, setting an ambush. | 資治通鑑 卷060 (원문 단락 #4940, 192년) |
| AD 192 | 長安 | Soldiers of Lü Bu's army who were Sou-soldiers (non-Han tribal troops) opened the gates from within, and on the sixth month, day wuwu, Li Jue's army entered the city and looted. Lü Bu fought, and fleeing with Dong Zhuo's head tied to his saddle urged Wang Yun to come along, but Wang Yun stayed. | 資治通鑑 卷060 (원문 단락 #4947, 192년) |
| AD 192 | 濟北 | Cao Cao pursued the Yellow Turbans of Qingzhou to Jibei and made them all surrender; he obtained more than three hundred thousand soldiers and over a million men, women, and children, and made their elite troops into the Qingzhou army. | 資治通鑑 卷060 (원문 단락 #4961, 192년) |
| AD 193 | 朝歌 | Yuan Shao besieged Yu Du at Lüzhang Mountain near Zhaoge, broke him in five days, and beheaded Yu Du and more than ten thousand of his followers. Then, following the mountain northward, he defeated Zuo Ci and others in turn. | 資治通鑑 卷060 (원문 단락 #4977, 193년) |
| AD 194 | 琅邪 | Cao Cao attacked Tao Qian and turned Langya and Donghai into wasteland wherever he passed. Returning, at a point east of the wall he defeated Liu Bei. Zhang Miao rebelled and welcomed Lü Bu, so Cao Cao turned his army back. | 資治通鑑 卷061 (원문 단락 #4993, 194년) |
| AD 194 | 濮陽 | Lü Bu's detached camp stood west of Puyang, and Cao Cao broke it with a night attack; but Lü Bu returned and fought personally for dozens of rounds. Dian Wei led volunteers in defense. | 資治通鑑 卷061 (원문 단락 #5010, 194년) |
| AD 194 | 郯 | Tao Qian, Governor of Xuzhou, was dying and told Mi Zhu: 'Only Liu Bei can stabilize this province.' When Qian died, Mi Zhu led the people to welcome Liu Bei, but Liu Bei declined, saying Yuan Shu was in Shouchun; Chen Deng opposed him, citing Yuan Shu's arrogance. | 資治通鑑 卷061 (원문 단락 #5015, 194년) |
| AD 195 | 長安 | In the third month, day bingyin, Li Jue sent his nephew Li Shen with several thousand soldiers to besiege the palace, and welcomed the emperor with three carriages. Grand Commandant Yang Biao protested, but to no avail. | 資治通鑑 卷061 (원문 단락 #5026, 195년) |
| AD 195 | 長安 | On the seventh month, day jiazi, when the imperial carriage left through Xianping Gate and tried to cross the bridge, several hundred of Guo Si's soldiers blocked it, asking whether 'this emperor is the real one'. The Palace Attendant Liu Ai shouted that 'this is the Son of Heaven' to prove it, and the carriage moved east. | 資治通鑑 卷061 (원문 단락 #5036, 195년) |
| AD 195 | 曹陽 | On day renshen, the emperor camped at Caoyang. Dong Cheng and Yang Feng pretended to reconcile with Li Jue and others, and secretly summoned Li Luo, Han Xian and Hu Zai of Hedong Baipo and the Southern Xiongnu's Youxian king Gubei, greatly defeating Li Jue's army and beheading several thousand. | 資治通鑑 卷061 (원문 단락 #5043, 195년) |
| AD 195 | 安邑 | The imperial carriage stayed inside a thorn fence, and without bolts on the gates the emperor and his ministers met; soldiers watched over the fence and pressed one another, making themselves a laughingstock. | 資治通鑑 卷061 (원문 단락 #5047, 195년) |
| AD 195 | 牛渚 | Sun Ce attacked Liu Yao's camp at Niuzhu, taking grain and weapons, defeated Xie Li and Zhuo Rong, and attacked Liu Yao at Quze. | 資治通鑑 卷061 (원문 단락 #5053, 195년) |
| AD 196 | 洛陽 | On day gengzi, Yang Feng and Han Xian escorted the emperor back east; in the seventh month, day jiazi, they reached Luoyang and lodged in the former house of the Zhongchangshi Cao Chong. In the eighth month he entered the Yang'an Hall of the Southern Palace, and Zhang Yang called it Yang'an, claiming it as his own merit. | 資治通鑑 卷062 (원문 단락 #5078, 196년) |
| AD 196 | 會稽 | Sun Ce, saying that Yan Baihu and others were 'bandits with no great ambitions', crossed the Zhejiang and advanced on Kuaiji. Yu Fan, the Kuaiji Gongcao, told the Governor Wang Lang to flee, but Wang Lang did not listen and sent out troops to block Sun Ce. | 資治通鑑 卷062 (원문 단락 #5083, 196년) |
| AD 196 | 洛陽 | Han Xian, relying on his merit, acted arbitrarily; Dong Cheng secretly summoned Cao Cao. Cao Cao arrived at Luoyang, reported the crimes of Han Xian and Zhang Yang, and on day xinhai held concurrently the posts of Commander of Escort Officers and Director of Secretaries, and killed three men including Secretary Feng Shi. | 資治通鑑 卷062 (원문 단락 #5088, 196년) |
| AD 196 | 梁 | Yang Feng tried to block the emperor at Liang but failed. In the winter tenth month Cao Cao attacked Yang Feng; Feng fled south to Yuan Shu, and Cao Cao took his Yangtun fortress. | 資治通鑑 卷062 (원문 단락 #5091, 196년) |
| AD 197 | 淯水 | In the first month Cao Cao, marching to attack Zhang Xiu, camped at Yushui, and Zhang Xiu surrendered. When Cao Cao took the wife of Zhang Ji, Zhang Xiu resented it, raided, killed Cao Cao's eldest son Cao Ang, and Cao Cao was struck by an arrow and fled. Dian Wei fought Zhang Xiu with all his strength. | 資治通鑑 卷062 (원문 단락 #5107, 197년) |
| AD 197 | 壽春 | Yuan Shu declared himself emperor at Shouchun, calling his dynasty the Zhong house, and set up the nobles and officials and performed sacrifices to Heaven and Earth. Chen Gui of Peixiang tried to dissuade him in a letter. | 資治通鑑 卷062 (원문 단락 #5110, 197년) |
| AD 197 | 湖陽 | In the eleventh month, Cao Cao attacked Zhang Xiu again, took Huyang, captured Liu Biao's general Deng Ji, and also took Wuyin. | 資治通鑑 卷062 (원문 단락 #5127, 197년) |
| AD 198 | 下邳 | Cao Cao dug a moat around Xiapi and besieged it for a long time, and as the troops tired, Xun You and Guo Jia advised that Lü Bu was brave but reckless and should be attacked quickly. They led in the Ji and Si rivers to flood the city. | 資治通鑑 卷062 (원문 단락 #5140, 198년) |
| AD 198 | 下邳 | Lü Bu, seeing Cao Cao, said 'From today on, the world is settled,' and asked Liu Bei to say a word on his behalf, since the binding was too hasty. Cao Cao also spoke with Chen Gong. | 資治通鑑 卷062 (원문 단락 #5142, 198년) |
| AD 199 | 易 | In the third month, Zhang Yan of Heishan and Gongsun Xu with a hundred thousand tried to relieve him, but Yuan Shao intercepted Gongsun Zan's secret letter and faked the agreed fire signal. Gongsun Zan, believing relief had come, sallied out and was greatly defeated, and returned into the city. | 資治通鑑 卷063 (원문 단락 #5160, 199년) |
| AD 199 | 官渡 | When Cao Cao again encamped at Guandu, Xu Chu and others plotted to assassinate him and entered his tent, but Captain Xu Chu noticed and killed them. | 資治通鑑 卷063 (원문 단락 #5171, 199년) |
| AD 200 | 許 | In the first month, the plot of Dong Cheng was leaked, and Cao Cao killed Dong Cheng, Wang Fu, and Zhong Ji and wiped out their three generations of kin. When Cao Cao wished to attack Liu Bei directly, his generals worried about Yuan Shao, but Cao Cao said 'Liu Bei is a great man' and pressed on. | 資治通鑑 卷063 (원문 단락 #5173, 200년) |
| AD 200 | 白馬 | Yuan Shao sent Yan Liang to attack Liu Yan, the Governor of Dongjun, at Baima. Ju Shou warned that Yan Liang was hasty and should not be left alone, but was not heeded. In the fourth month Cao Cao marched north to rescue Liu Yan, and Xun Yu proposed a diversion at Yanjin. | 資治通鑑 卷063 (원문 단락 #5176, 200년) |
| AD 200 | 延津 | When Yuan Shao crossed the Yellow River to pursue, Ju Shou advised staying at Yanjin and dividing the army toward Guandu, but was not heeded. Ju Shou sighed, 'How can I cross this vast Yellow River?' and declined on the pretext of illness. | 資治通鑑 卷063 (원문 단락 #5177, 200년) |
| AD 200 | 陽武 | When Yuan Shao encamped at Yangwu, Ju Shou said the northern troops were many but less nimble than the southern, and advised a protracted war, but was not heeded. In the eighth month Yuan Shao set up camps for dozens of li east and west along the sand dunes, and Cao Cao also split his army and they faced each other. | 資治通鑑 卷063 (원문 단락 #5184, 200년) |
| AD 200 | 官渡 | Cao Cao fought without winning and returned to his camp to hold firm. When Yuan Shao shot arrows from high watchtowers and earthen mounds, Cao Cao smashed the towers with thunderbolt catapults and countered the tunneling with trenches, but his grain ran out and the people deserted. | 資治通鑑 卷063 (원문 단락 #5186, 200년) |
| AD 200 | 烏巢 | Cao Cao disguised five thousand picked troops as a relief force carrying reinforcement banners, marched through byways at night to surround Shun Yujing's camp at Wuchao, and set a great fire. | 資治通鑑 卷063 (원문 단락 #5188, 200년) |
| AD 200 | 黎陽 | Many cities of Jizhou surrendered to Cao Cao. When Yuan Shao fled to the north bank of Liyang and entered the camp of General Jiang Yiqu, saying 'I entrust my head to you,' the troops, hearing Yuan Shao was there, gathered again. | 資治通鑑 卷063 (원문 단락 #5189, 200년) |
| AD 201 | 汝南 | Cao Cao personally attacked Liu Bei at Runan, and Liu Bei fled to Liu Biao. Liu Biao met him in the suburbs, treated him as an honored guest, and stationed him at Xinye. | 資治通鑑 卷064 (원문 단락 #5203, 201년) |
| AD 201 | 成都 | Zhao Wei besieged Liu Zhang in Chengdu, but the people of Dongzhou fought to the death, and Zhao Wei was defeated and retreated. He pursued to Jiangzhou and killed him. | 資治通鑑 卷064 (원문 단락 #5205, 201년) |
| AD 202 | 鄴 | Yuan Shao, ashamed of his defeat, fell ill, vomited blood, and died in the fifth month. He had wanted to make his youngest son Shang his heir but could not say so; he adopted his eldest son Tan into the line of his elder brother and sent him as Governor of Qingzhou. | 資治通鑑 卷064 (원문 단락 #5208, 202년) |
| AD 202 | 葉 | When Liu Biao sent Liu Bei north, he reached Ye, and Cao Cao sent Xiahou Dun and Yu Jin and others, but Liu Bei burned his camp and pretended to withdraw; Xiahou Dun pursued and fell into an ambush. Yi Zhen urged a halt to the pursuit, but he was not heeded. | 資治通鑑 卷064 (원문 단락 #5210, 202년) |
| AD 203 | 黎陽 | In the second month, Cao Cao attacked Liyang, and when he fought with Yuan Tan and Yuan Shang beneath the walls and won, the two returned to Ye. In the fourth month Cao Cao pursued to Ye and harvested the wheat; Guo Jia advised against hasty attack. | 資治通鑑 卷064 (원문 단락 #5212, 203년) |
| AD 203 | 江夏 | Sun Quan attacked Huang Zu to the west and broke his naval force, but could not take the city, and bandits rose again. On his return he passed through Yuzhang and sent Lü Fan, Zhou Yu, Taishi Ci and others, who pacified Poyang, Kuaiji, Luo'an, Haihun and others, and subdued the Shanyue. | 資治通鑑 卷064 (원문 단락 #5217, 203년) |
| AD 204 | 白溝 | In the first month Cao Cao crossed the Yellow River, blocked the Ji River, and let the water flow into Baigou, opening the grain transport route. | 資治通鑑 卷064 (원문 단락 #5218, 204년) |
| AD 204 | 鄴 | In the fifth month Cao Cao tore down the earthen mounds and tunnels, and dug a moat around the city, encircling forty li of its surroundings. At first he dug shallow, and while Shen Pei mocked him, in one night he dug it two zhang deep, then led in the Zhang River to water it, so that half the city starved. | 資治通鑑 卷064 (원문 단락 #5220, 204년) |
| AD 204 | 鄴 | When the army of Yuan Shang arrived, the generals wanted to avoid it, but Cao Cao said 'if they come by the main road we will avoid them; if they follow the western mountains we will capture them.' Yuan Shang followed the western mountains and camped at Yangping by the Fu River, seventeen li from Ye. At night torches signaled to those in the city. | 資治通鑑 卷064 (원문 단락 #5222, 204년) |
| AD 205 | 南皮 | In the first month Cao Cao attacked Nanpi. When Yuan Tan came out and fought, many of his soldiers died, and Cao Cao considered withdrawing; but on the advice of Cao Shun he himself beat the drum and attacked, taking the city. Yuan Tan fled and was beheaded. | 資治通鑑 卷064 (원문 단락 #5233, 205년) |
| AD 206 | 壺關 | Cao Cao attacked Gao Gan in person and ordered his heir Pi to guard Ye. He besieged Huguan and in the third month it surrendered; Gao Gan asked the Xiongnu for relief, but the Chanyu did not accept, and as he tried to flee south to Jingzhou he was caught by Wang Yan, Commandant of Shangluo, and killed, pacifying Bingzhou. | 資治通鑑 卷065 (원문 단락 #5248, 206년) |
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