39 events the sources record for this year, grouped by region.
What happened
China (3)
Gilcheon-gun Gwon Gyu and Ji Uijeongbusa Yeo Ching return from Beijing (Annals of the Joseon Dynasty 太宗實錄 十三年 · 太宗實錄 11책 26권 5장 A면 · 기사 wca_11307018_001)
Sea water turns red in several places in Jeolla and Gyeongsang, and a rite to avert the strange omen is held (Annals of the Joseon Dynasty 太宗實錄 十三年 · 太宗實錄 11책 26권 8장 A면 · 기사 wca_11307027_002)
South Asia (19)
In the eleventh year of Yongle (1413) the emperor ordered Grand Eunuch Zheng He to lead the treasure fleet to the many Western countries to read and bestow the imperial edict; Ma Huan, serving as interpreter, followed the mission as a minor envoy. (Ma Huan, Yingya Shenglan (Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores) 瀛涯勝覽·序)
Sixty-three treasure ships; the large ships were 44.4 zhang long and 18 zhang wide. The total number aboard is recorded separately as 27,670 persons (868 officials and 26,802 soldiers). (Ma Huan, Yingya Shenglan (Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores) 瀛涯勝覽·諸番國名)
Landing at the Zhanggu wharf and walking southwest a day and a half, one reaches Majapahit (滿者伯夷), the king's residence: two hundred households of foreigners, with seven or eight chiefs assisting the king. (Ma Huan, Yingya Shenglan (Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores) 瀛涯勝覽·爪哇國)
Going southwest from Champa with fair winds for seven days and nights, and entering the mouth of the Xinmenmentai river, one reaches Siam (Xianluo). Its circumference is a thousand li and the land is barren; the custom records that wives decide matters. (Ma Huan, Yingya Shenglan (Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores) 瀛涯勝覽·暹邏國)
From Malacca with fair winds for four days and nights one reaches Aru, a small country. To the south is a great mountain, to the north the sea, and to the west it borders Samudra; its king and people are all Hui (Muslims). (Ma Huan, Yingya Shenglan (Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores) 瀛涯勝覽·啞魯國)
From Malacca the treasure fleet goes southwest with fair winds for five days and nights and first anchors at the seaside village of Daluman; going southeast ten-odd li, one reaches Samudra, the great gateway of the West. It has no walls and the tide rises twice a day. (Ma Huan, Yingya Shenglan (Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores) 瀛涯勝覽·蘇門答剌國)
The king of Nagur (那孤兒) is also called the king of Huamian: a mountain village on the west side of Samudra, whose people tattoo blue three-pronged marks on their faces, hence Huamian. A small country of over a thousand households. (Ma Huan, Yingya Shenglan (Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores) 瀛涯勝覽·蘇門答剌國)
Lidai (黎代) is a small country northwest of Nagur, with one to two thousand households who set up their own king and belong to Samudra; there are many wild rhinoceros, and it pays tribute together with Samudra. (Ma Huan, Yingya Shenglan (Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores) 瀛涯勝覽·蘇門答剌國)
From Samudra, going west with fair winds for three days and nights, one reaches the country of Lambri (南浡里), of about a thousand households, all Hui. The king's house is a tower three to four zhang high, and cattle and sheep are let loose beneath it to be raised. (Ma Huan, Yingya Shenglan (Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores) 瀛涯勝覽·南浡里國)
Northwest of Lambri, in the sea, rises the high mountain Mao (帽山), and to its west lies the great ocean, the Western Ocean (Namolei yang). Ships coming from the west take this mountain as their landmark. At its foot twenty or thirty households each call themselves king; they belong to Lambri, and coral is produced there. (Ma Huan, Yingya Shenglan (Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores) 瀛涯勝覽·南浡里國)
Tuban (杜板), Java's first port of call: more than a thousand households governed by two chiefs, with many Chinese from Guangdong and Zhangzhou living there. A legend says a small spring by the shore was dug by Yuan troops and is holy water. (Ma Huan, Yingya Shenglan (Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores) 瀛涯勝覽·爪哇國)
Going east half a day from Tuban is Gresik (廝村), whose local name is Gresik. Chinese came to open it and called it Xincun; its lord is a native of Guangdong, and it has over a thousand households. (Ma Huan, Yingya Shenglan (Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores) 瀛涯勝覽·爪哇國)
From the two villages, going south by boat half a day, one reaches the port of Surabaya (蘇魯馬益). It is shallow, so large ships cannot enter; small boats go more than twenty li upstream to Surabaya, which has over a thousand households. (Ma Huan, Yingya Shenglan (Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores) 瀛涯勝覽·爪哇國)
The kingdom of Jiugang (舊港, Old Harbour) is the ancient Sanfoqi (Srivijaya); its local name is Balimbang (Palembang) and it is said to be under Java's jurisdiction. Many people from Guangdong, Zhangzhou and Quanzhou came to live there, and it is wealthy. (Ma Huan, Yingya Shenglan (Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores) 瀛涯勝覽·舊港國)
Going due south from Champa with fair winds for eight days, one reaches the Longyamen (龍牙門); passing the gate and going southwest two days, one reaches Malacca (滿剌加). Formerly it was not a country but was governed by a chief, and it paid Siam forty taels of gold each year. (Ma Huan, Yingya Shenglan (Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores) 瀛涯勝覽·滿剌加國)
When the Chinese treasure ships come, a stockade and a walled city with watchtowers are set up; inside, small walls and warehouses are built to store money and grain. Ships that went to the various countries gather here to be readied, and return on the south wind in the middle of the fifth month. (Ma Huan, Yingya Shenglan (Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores) 瀛涯勝覽·滿剌加國)
West Asia (8)
While Moses and Mehmed fight, Kineites flees from Thrace back to Asia Minor, seizes Ephesus, beheads the garrison commander Suleiman had left, and takes control of all Asia Minor. (Doukas, History 19 (Bonn p.97))
Mehmed welcomes Manuel's envoys and, as agreed, returns the Black Sea coast fortresses and the cities of Thessaly and near the Propontis, replying "I will do as my father Manuel does." (Doukas, History 20 (Bonn p.97))
From Calicut, going northwest with fair winds for ten days and nights, one reaches Zufaer (祖法兒, Dhofar). Its king and people are Muslims; there are no walls and they live against the mountain. It is a frankincense-producing land; when a treasure ship comes, frankincense, dragon's blood, aloes and myrrh are exchanged for silk and porcelain. (Ma Huan, Yingya Shenglan (Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores) 瀛涯勝覽·祖法兒國)
From Calicut, going northwest with fair winds for twenty-five days, one reaches the country of Hormuz (忽魯謨廝). It relies on sea and mountains, and merchants by land and sea all gather to trade, so it is rich. Its king and people are Muslims; those who drink wine are executed in the market. (Ma Huan, Yingya Shenglan (Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores) 瀛涯勝覽·忽魯謨廝國)
The country of Tianfang (天方, Mecca) lies southwest of Calicut; by boat, about three months' sailing, one reaches the port of Qida (秩達, Jeddah), which is guarded by a great chief. (Ma Huan, Yingya Shenglan (Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores) 瀛涯勝覽·天方國)
From Jeddah, going west for one month, one reaches the walled city of Mojia (默加, Mecca), where the king lives. It is the place where the Hui patriarch spread the teaching, so they still follow its rules. (Ma Huan, Yingya Shenglan (Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores) 瀛涯勝覽·天方國)
A little more than half a day further one reaches the Hall of Heavenly Worship (天堂禮拜寺, the Kaaba). Its surrounding walls have 466 doors; it is a square building of stones of five colors, and its walls are plastered with rose-water and musk mixed into the earth. Every year on the tenth day of the twelfth month Muslims from every country come to worship and cut pieces from the black silk cover to take home as tokens. (Ma Huan, Yingya Shenglan (Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores) 瀛涯勝覽·天方國)
Going west another day one reaches the walled city of Modina (驀底納, Medina). Within the city is the tomb of Muhammad (馬合麻). Water from the well behind the tomb is loaded on boats and sprinkled against the storms, it is said, to calm the waves. (Ma Huan, Yingya Shenglan (Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores) 瀛涯勝覽·天方國)
Southern Europe (1)
Mehmed splits his army in two, sending one part to the Black Sea and one to Adrianople. Moses's troops defect to Mehmed, and Moses dies in a marsh with his right arm cut off. His body is buried at Prousa. (Doukas, History 19 (Bonn p.95-96))