Region: Southern Europe · Coordinates: 41.890, 12.491 · 477 events
| Year | Source | Account |
|---|---|---|
| 753 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | Romulus founds the city by digging the boundary furrow deep with a plow tradition |
| 750 BC | Livy, History of Rome (Ab Urbe Condita) | Romulus hangs the arms taken from the enemy leader on an oak sacred to the shepherds and marks out the site of the temple of Jupiter tradition |
| 750 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | In the fourth month after the founding the rape of the Sabine women takes place tradition |
| 749 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | The Sabines make Tatius their general and march on Rome tradition |
| 715 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | Numa sets up at Rome the double-doored gate of war (the temple of Janus) tradition |
| 509 BC | Livy, History of Rome (Ab Urbe Condita) | Two consuls are elected in the comitia centuriata; Tarquinius, finding the gates closed, cannot enter and exile is decreed, while the king's sons are driven from the camp tradition |
| 509 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | The Lucretia affair sparks the people to revolt tradition |
| 508 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | When Porsena surrounds Rome, famine strikes and other Tuscan forces also invade tradition |
| 508 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | Porsena ends the war on conditions: return of conquered land, return of prisoners, and receiving deserters tradition |
| 451 BC | Livy, History of Rome (Ab Urbe Condita) | Three commissioners who had been to Athens are seated as a reward for the long embassy — on the ground that they were familiar with Greek law tradition |
| 391 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | In anger Camillus resolves to leave the city and go into exile |
| 390 BC | Livy, History of Rome (Ab Urbe Condita) | As the Gauls in the city set about destroying it, not all were filled with that zeal tradition |
| 390 BC | Livy, History of Rome (Ab Urbe Condita) | The Gauls took the open parts of the city, but a small garrison repelled them from the citadel and the Capitol tradition |
| 390 BC | Livy, History of Rome (Ab Urbe Condita) | The worst evil of the siege and war was the famine that struck both sides, and plague also spread among the Gauls tradition |
| 390 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | On the third day after the battle Brennus arrives at Rome with his army |
| 390 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | The Gauls sit idly before the Capitol and the siege enters its seventh month |
| 390 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | Rome, which the barbarians held for seven months, is liberated |
| 389 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | With this victory Camillus receives a triumph and grows in popularity |
| 365 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | Camillus dies of old age |
| 359 BC | Livy, History of Rome (Ab Urbe Condita) | The army of Tibur marches on the city of Rome at the quiet dead of night |
| 356 BC | Livy, History of Rome (Ab Urbe Condita) | Marcius Rutilus is named the first plebeian dictator |
| 295 BC | Livy, History of Rome (Ab Urbe Condita) | Fabius leaves Etruria to Decius's army, brings the legions back to Rome, and celebrates a triumph over the Gauls, Etruscans and Samnites |
| 222 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | The Senate decrees a triumph for Marcellus alone, and the procession was splendid |
| 217 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | Fabius is appointed dictator |
| 217 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | The people grant Minucius powers equal to the dictator's |
| 216 BC | Livy, History of Rome (Ab Urbe Condita) | Reports said both consuls and both consular armies were gone, and Rome was stunned |
| 211 BC | Livy, History of Rome (Ab Urbe Condita) | Fulvius Flaccus passes through the Capena gate, crosses the city, and camps outside the Colline gate |
| 211 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | Because of his enemies' opposition, Marcellus accepts a minor ceremony in place of a triumph |
| 211 BC | Polybius, Histories | Rome panics at news of Hannibal's approach |
| 211 BC | Polybius, Histories | Hannibal comes within 10 stades of Rome and turns back |
| 207 BC | Livy, History of Rome (Ab Urbe Condita) | A remark that although one consul rode in a chariot, the true triumph belonged to the other consul (Nero), who rode on horseback |
| 201 BC | Livy, History of Rome (Ab Urbe Condita) | Syphax died at Tibur just before the triumph, but the glory of Scipio's triumph was not diminished |
| 200 BC | Livy, History of Rome (Ab Urbe Condita) | Within a few months of making peace with Carthage, the war with King Philip began |
| 198 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | The people elect Flamininus consul though he is not yet thirty |
| 196 BC | Polybius, Histories | The treaty with Philip is confirmed in Rome |
| 194 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | Cato celebrates a triumph |
| 194 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | Spoils such as Greek helmets and Macedonian shields are displayed in the triumphal procession |
| 187 BC | Livy, History of Rome (Ab Urbe Condita) | Scipio addressed the tribunes and citizens on the anniversary of his victory at Zama |
| 186 BC | Livy, History of Rome (Ab Urbe Condita) | In the Bacchanalian affair the Campanian Minius Cerrinius is sent in chains to Ardea to be kept under guard |
| 184 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | Ten years after his consulship, Cato stands for the censorship |
| 172 BC | Livy, History of Rome (Ab Urbe Condita) | The Senate decided to declare Perseus a public enemy |
| 168 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | Aemilius Paullus stands for the consulship and is elected |
| 167 BC | Livy, History of Rome (Ab Urbe Condita) | In Anicius's Illyrian triumph the soldiers marched more cheerfully, with many songs praising the general |
| 167 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | Aemilius's triumphal procession is allotted three days |
| 128 BC | Josephus, Jewish War and Antiquities of the Jews | Hyrcanus sends envoys to the Roman Senate to renew the friendship treaty |
| 123 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | The people adopt a law entrusting Gaius with the power to choose jurors from the equestrian class |
| 121 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | The Senate orders the consul Opimius to save the city |
| 121 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | Fleeing, Gaius turns on his pursuers at the wooden bridge over the Tiber while friends hold them off |
| 108 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | Marius is elected consul by an overwhelming margin and soon raises troops |
| 104 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | On the first of January Marius holds his second consulship and triumph |
| 100 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | Marius tried to save them, but those who had come down to the Forum were executed |
| 88 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | Sulpicius attacks the consuls in assembly with armed men |
| 88 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | On news that Sulla is marching on the city, the Senate sends two praetors |
| 87 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | Marius marches on the city with his army and seizes the Janiculum hill |
| 87 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | Cinna enters with a bodyguard while Marius, saying he is an exile, halts outside the gates |
| 84 BC | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | At sixteen he lost his father and married Cornelia, daughter of Cinna. |
| 82 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | Sulla orders death even for those who shelter the proscribed and promises rewards to executioners |
| 82 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | Sulla revives the dictatorship after 120 years and declares himself dictator |
| 81 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | Sulla's triumph is all the more brilliant with royal spoils and returning exiles |
| 81 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | Pompey asks for a triumph, but Sulla opposes |
| 78 BC | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | After a brief service in Cilicia, on news of Sulla's death he hurried back to Rome, hoping for unrest under Lepidus. |
| 74 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | After Sulla's death Lucullus becomes consul with Cotta (around the 176th Olympiad) |
| 72 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | Angered, the Senate entrusts Crassus with command of the war |
| 71 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | A second triumph and the consulship are decreed for Pompey |
| 70 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | Pompey becomes a candidate for consul and Crassus seeks his support and becomes his colleague |
| 66 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | The tribune Manilius proposes a law granting Pompey all powers |
| 66 BC | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | A few days before taking up the aedileship he was accused of complicity in a plot with Crassus, Sulla and Autronius to attack the Senate. |
| 65 BC | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | As aedile he decorated the Forum with its adjoining colonnades, and extended temporary colonnades up to the Capitol. |
| 64 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | The upper class puts Cicero forward as a consular candidate and Catiline loses; Cicero and Antonius are elected |
| 63 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | After returning home, Lucullus is granted a triumph after much entreaty |
| 63 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | Cato speaks in the Senate on the execution of Catiline's associates |
| 63 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | Catiline leaves the city with 300 armed men and joins Manlius |
| 63 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | Cicero hands Lentulus over to prison and orders his execution |
| 63 BC | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | Giving up hope of gaining the province of Egypt, he stood for chief pontiff with enormous bribes. |
| 63 BC | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | When the Catilinarian conspiracy was discovered, he reminded the advocates of severe punishment of the blame of posterity, and had consul-elect Silanus soften his proposal. |
| 63 BC | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | Born in the year when Cicero and Antony were consuls, on 23 September, just before sunrise, in the Palatine district. |
| 61 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | Pompey's triumph was so grand that even two days were not enough time |
| 60 BC | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | After the praetorship he was assigned Hispania Ulterior and pacified it; without waiting for a successor, he hurried home to seek a triumph and the consulship. |
| 59 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | With their support Caesar is soon elected consul |
| 59 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | Backed by the friendship of Crassus and Pompey, Caesar stands for the consular election |
| 59 BC | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | Elected consul together with Bibulus. |
| 59 BC | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | Relying on his father-in-law and son-in-law, he chose Gaul, where there were many chances for triumph, and the Senate added Gallia Comata to his charge. |
| 58 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | Clodius assigns Cato, besides the Cyprus mission, the return of the Byzantine exiles |
| 58 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | When Cicero's flight is known, Clodius passes a vote of banishment |
| 56 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | When Cato returns by ship, all the magistrates, the Senate and the citizens go out to meet him at the riverside |
| 54 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | The following year Cato is elected praetor |
| 52 BC | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | After Clodius's murder unsettled the Republic, the Senate voted for Pompey as sole consul. |
| 49 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | A few days later Caesar enters Rome and takes control |
| 49 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | After the capture of Ariminum, Rome turns its eyes to Cato |
| 46 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | Caesar holds his Egyptian, Pontic and African triumphs |
| 46 BC | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | Through victories in several wars he celebrated five triumphs: after defeating Scipio, four in one month; the first and most splendid was the Gallic triumph. |
| 46 BC | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | He corrected the calendar, which had long been in disorder. |
| 44 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | The Romans appoint Caesar dictator for life |
| 44 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | Brutus's party stands behind Caesar's chair and Tillius Cimber makes a petition |
| 44 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | Hearing that Caesar's body is being cremated in the Forum, Caesar's friend Cinna goes himself, though uneasy over the previous day's vision and ill with fever |
| 44 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | At the Lupercalia, Caesar, in triumphal dress, sits on the platform and watches the running |
| 44 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | Angered by Antony's inquiry, the crowd gathers benches and tables and cremates Caesar's body in the Forum |
| 44 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | As soon as Caesar sits, the conspirators surround him under pretext of Tillius Cimber's petition |
| 44 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | After amnesty is decreed, Cassius is entertained at Antony's house and Brutus at Lepidus's |
| 44 BC | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | At the Lupercalia, consul Antony repeatedly placed a crown on him from the rostra; each time he refused it and sent it to Jupiter on the Capitol. |
| 44 BC | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | When he sat down, the conspirators came around him as if to greet him and killed him; they had planned to drag his corpse and throw it into the Tiber. |
| 44 BC | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | He announced the date of the funeral and held it in the Field of Mars, piling the pyre near the tomb of his daughter Julia. |
| 44 BC | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | Right after the funeral the crowd ran with torches to the houses of Brutus and Cassius, and mistaking Cinna for the other man, killed Helvius Cinna. |
| 44 BC | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | He died at fifty-six and was counted among the gods; the senate house where he was killed was closed, and the Ides of March were designated as the day of parricide. |
| 43 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | After the three agree, 300 people are put on the proscription list and executed |
| 43 BC | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | Before reaching the legal age, he stationed legions near Rome, demanded the consulship and sent envoys. |
| 42 BC | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | Born in the Palatine district (the view of most authorities); the claim of a birth at Ponti is said to be weakly grounded. |
| 40 BC | Josephus, Jewish War and Antiquities of the Jews | Antony, moved by pity for Herod, joins Caesar in making him king — Herod receives the royal title in Rome |
| 40 BC | Josephus, Jewish War and Antiquities of the Jews | Herod is made king of Judea by the Roman Senate |
| 32 BC | Plutarch's Parallel Lives | When Caesar has finished his preparations, war against Cleopatra is voted |
| 30 BC | Aurelius Victor, De Caesaribus | At Rome, Octavian wins soldiers with gifts and, under the pretext of the grain supply, suppresses his remaining rivals; the system of obedience to one man begins. |
| 29 BC | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | He closed the temple of Janus Quirinus three times to establish peace, and celebrated a triumph for victories at Dalmatia, Actium and Alexandria. |
| 28 BC | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | He rebuilt the city and erected many buildings: the Forum with the temple of Mars the Avenger, the temple of Apollo on the Palatine, the temple of Jupiter Tonans on the Capitol, and others. |
| 17 BC | Josephus, Jewish War and Antiquities of the Jews | Herod goes to Italy and brings back his two sons, who studied in Rome |
| 12 BC | Josephus, Jewish War and Antiquities of the Jews | Herod drags his son Alexander all the way to Rome and accuses him before Caesar of a poisoning plot |
| 12 BC | Josephus, Jewish War and Antiquities of the Jews | Herod accuses his two sons before Caesar in Rome and then reconciles them |
| 12 BC | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | He took the chief pontificate, which he had been unable to seize while Lepidus lived, as soon as Lepidus died. |
| 5 BC | Josephus, Jewish War and Antiquities of the Jews | Antipater is sent to Rome carrying Herod's will |
| 4 BC | Josephus, Jewish War and Antiquities of the Jews | Archelaus and Antipas go to Rome to contest the throne before Caesar, with Nicolaus defending Archelaus |
| 4 BC | Josephus, Jewish War and Antiquities of the Jews | Caesar hears both sides, divides Herod's kingdom among his sons and makes Archelaus ethnarch |
| 4 BC | Josephus, Jewish War and Antiquities of the Jews | Archelaus and Antipas contend for the throne before Augustus in Rome |
| 4 BC | Josephus, Jewish War and Antiquities of the Jews | Augustus makes Archelaus not king but ethnarch over half the territory |
| 4 BC | Josephus, Jewish War and Antiquities of the Jews | Herod's territory is divided among Archelaus, Antipas and Philip, and Salome is given Jamnia, Azotus and other places |
| 2 BC | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | The people all at once, with one voice, offered him the title 'Father of the Country', and the Senate formally conveyed it through Messalla. |
| 2 BC | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | Because the dissolute conduct of his daughter and granddaughter, both named Julia, grew severe, he exiled both. |
| AD 2 | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | After nearly eight years on Rhodes he returned to Rome. |
| AD 6 | Josephus, Jewish War and Antiquities of the Jews | In Archelaus's 10th year his brothers and the Jewish leaders accuse him to Caesar, and he is exiled to Vienne |
| AD 12 | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | Returning from Germany two years later, he celebrated the postponed triumph with his lieutenants, and sent the Pannonian chieftain Bato to Ravenna. |
| AD 13 | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | Four months short of a year before his death, on 3 April, in the consulship of Lucius Plancus and Gaius Silius, he drew up his will. |
| AD 14 | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | Using tribunician power he convened the Senate and began a mournful speech, but sighed deeply and pretended he could not go on speaking. |
| AD 14 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | Discussion of Augustus' funeral; the will brought by the Vestal Virgins names Tiberius and Livia as heirs |
| AD 14 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | The election of magistrates passes from the Campus Martius to the Senate |
| AD 17 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | An arch is dedicated near the temple of Saturn to commemorate the recovery of the standards lost to Varus |
| AD 17 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | Tiberius tells the Senate that the unrest in the East can be settled only by the wisdom of Germanicus |
| AD 19 | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | He prohibited foreign religions and Egyptian and Jewish rites, had garments and sacred vessels burned, and sent young Jews to provinces of endemic disease. |
| AD 20 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | On the day the ashes are placed in the tomb of Augustus, the city is full of lamentation |
| AD 20 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | At a meeting of the Senate, Tiberius opens Piso's trial with a cautious speech |
| AD 22 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | Tiberius asks that Drusus be granted tribunician power |
| AD 22 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | Silanus, governor of Asia, is accused by the provincials of exploitation |
| AD 23 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | In the ninth year of Tiberius' reign, Sejanus rises amid the calm |
| AD 23 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | The scattered Praetorian Guard is gathered into one camp |
| AD 23 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | Sejanus has the eunuch Lygdus give Drusus a slow-acting poison |
| AD 24 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | The consul Varro attacks Silius and his wife Sosia |
| AD 25 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | Cremutius Cordus is accused on a new charge over a history that praised Brutus and Cassius |
| AD 26 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | The first step to Agrippina's ruin: her cousin Claudia Pulchra is accused by Domitius Afer |
| AD 27 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | A great fire reduces the Caelian Hill to ashes |
| AD 29 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | Livia (Julia Augusta) dies of old age |
| AD 31 | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | Though he knew of Sejanus's plot, he made him his colleague in his fifth consulship, in order to remove him from his side. |
| AD 31 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | Right after Sejanus' fall, forty-four speeches in the Senate — the preface survives only in fragments |
| AD 31 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | It is decided to punish even Sejanus' surviving children |
| AD 32 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | Soaring grain prices spark fierce demands against the emperor in the theater |
| AD 33 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | Sextus Marius, the richest man in Spain, is thrown from the Tarpeian Rock |
| AD 35 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | Parthian nobles come to Rome secretly, without King Artabanus knowing |
| AD 36 | Josephus, Jewish War and Antiquities of the Jews | In a carriage Agrippa wishes for Tiberius's early death and is chained after a freedman's accusation |
| AD 36 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | The Circus Maximus near the Aventine Hill and the Aventine district burn |
| AD 37 | Josephus, Jewish War and Antiquities of the Jews | When Gaius becomes emperor, he frees Agrippa from his chains and makes him king of Philip's tetrarchy |
| AD 37 | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | On news of his death, people ran through the streets shouting 'Tiberius to the Tiber!' |
| AD 37 | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | On entering Rome, the Senate and people cheered together and burst into the Senate house to annul Tiberius's will, which had named another grandson as co-heir. |
| AD 39 | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | Born on 30 December, three days before the Kalends of January. |
| AD 40 | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | On the return journey, when Senate envoys urged him to hurry back, he gave up or postponed the triumph and entered with an ovation on his birthday; within four months he was killed. |
| AD 41 | Josephus, Jewish War and Antiquities of the Jews | Gaius dies after reigning 3 years 8 months; Claudius is acclaimed in the camp, and Agrippa mediates with the Senate |
| AD 41 | Josephus, Jewish War and Antiquities of the Jews | At Agrippa's banquet plea Gaius withdraws the plan to set up the statue in the Temple and writes to Petronius |
| AD 41 | Josephus, Jewish War and Antiquities of the Jews | Chaerea and other officers of the guard assassinate Gaius during the games on the Palatine |
| AD 41 | Josephus, Jewish War and Antiquities of the Jews | The army takes Claudius to the camp and acclaims him emperor, and the Senate yields through Agrippa's mediation |
| AD 41 | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | Just after noon, while talking with boys, Chaerea struck him from behind with a sword, and the tribune Cornelius Sabinus and others stabbed him in the chest and killed him. |
| AD 41 | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | With conspirators barring his approach, he withdrew into a room called the Hermaeum and, at fifty, unexpectedly came to the throne. |
| AD 47 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | Messalina sets her sights on the Lucullan gardens and on Valerius Asiaticus, twice consul |
| AD 47 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | The secular games are held, 800 years after the founding of Rome and the first in sixty-four years since Augustus |
| AD 48 | Aurelius Victor, De Caesaribus | In Claudius's sixth year, the 800th anniversary of Rome's founding is grandly celebrated, a phoenix appears in Egypt, and a large island rises in the Aegean Sea. |
| AD 48 | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | Right after Messalina's death, he sat at the table and asked, 'Why does the empress not come?' |
| AD 48 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | Leading men of Gallia Comata demand seats in the Senate, and the matter is debated |
| AD 48 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | The emperor, citing ancestral precedent in the Senate, argues for admitting Gauls |
| AD 48 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | Messalina openly holds a marriage ceremony with Silius |
| AD 48 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | Messalina, seeking a way to survive, holds on by writing letters in the Lucullan gardens |
| AD 48 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | Messalina, with a dagger to her throat, is killed by a blow from a guard officer |
| AD 49 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | The Senate legalizes the marriage of Claudius and Agrippina, and cheers erupt |
| AD 49 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | On the day of the wedding, Silanus kills himself |
| AD 49 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | A Parthian envoy appears before the Senate to request the return of Meherdates |
| AD 49 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | Mithridates, escorted to Rome, speaks boldly before the emperor |
| AD 50 | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | Adopted at eleven by Claudius, he was educated by Seneca, who had become a senator. |
| AD 50 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | Under the influence of Pallas, the adoption of Domitius (Nero) is hurried |
| AD 50 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | The captive Caratacus gives a speech before the emperor's tribunal |
| AD 51 | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | During a period of several years of bad harvests and grain shortage, he was reviled by the crowd in the middle of the Forum and pelted with pieces of bread. |
| AD 51 | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | Born in the sixth district of Rome on 24 October; his father was consul-elect. |
| AD 53 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | Sixteen-year-old Nero marries Octavia, the emperor's daughter |
| AD 54 | Josephus, Jewish War and Antiquities of the Jews | Claudius dies and Nero becomes emperor as Agrippina wished |
| AD 54 | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | He died at sixty-four, in the fourteenth year of his reign; his death was concealed until the succession was settled. |
| AD 54 | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | When Claudius's death was announced, he went out to the Praetorian cohort, was acclaimed emperor by the soldiers on the palace steps, and was carried in a litter to the camp. |
| AD 54 | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | He gave Claudius a grand funeral, read the eulogy himself, and had him deified. |
| AD 54 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | At noon on October 13 the palace gates open, and Nero goes out before the guard with Burrus |
| AD 55 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | The death and funeral of Britannicus take place on the same night |
| AD 58 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | Poppaea Sabina becomes entangled with Nero through her affair with Otho |
| AD 58 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | Responding to popular demands against the greed of tax collectors, the question of abolishing indirect taxes is deliberated |
| AD 60 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | Greek-style games are instituted to be held at Rome every five years |
| AD 62 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | Burrus dies, of illness or of poison |
| AD 62 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | Nero divorces Octavia and prepares to marry Poppaea |
| AD 64 | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | Disliking old buildings and narrow streets, he openly set fire to the city. |
| AD 64 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | A great fire of uncertain cause, accident or arson, starts near the Circus Maximus |
| AD 64 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | After five days, the fire is stopped by tearing down buildings at the foot of the Esquiline |
| AD 64 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | Using the ruins, Nero builds a new palace of jewels and gold |
| AD 64 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | To cover the rumors of arson, Christians are punished |
| AD 65 | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | In one autumn, a plague in which thirty thousand deaths were recorded in the register of the temple of Libitina. |
| AD 65 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | In the consulship year of Nerva and Vestinus, Piso's conspiracy spreads |
| AD 65 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | Milichus knocks at the door of the Sergian garden, intending to make a serious denunciation |
| AD 65 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | Seneca asks for writing tablets to draft his will, but is refused |
| AD 65 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | Right after the games, Poppaea, heavily pregnant, is kicked to death by Nero |
| AD 66 | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | Tiridates's entry into Rome: with cohorts drawn up in the Forum, Nero sat on a curule chair on the platform and, at the king's request, removed the turban and crowned him. |
| AD 66 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | Nero tries to remove Thrasea Paetus and Barea Soranus |
| AD 66 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | The last scene of Thrasea |
| AD 68 | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | On news that all the armies had turned against him, he overturned the table, went to the Servilian gardens to get poison, and ordered his freedmen to Ostia to prepare the fleet. |
| AD 68 | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | He ordered a pit dug to his own body size and hesitated while examining the edges of two daggers. |
| AD 68 | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | The day his reign ended was the same day on which he had killed Octavia. |
| AD 68 | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | Disheartened by Vindex's death, he even thought of suicide; but on news that Nero had died and everyone had sworn allegiance, he dropped the title of lieutenant, took the name Caesar, and marched on Rome. |
| AD 68 | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | When the chance came he joined Galba's uprising; aiming at the throne, he invited Galba to dinner and each time distributed gold coins to all the men of the guard battalion. |
| AD 69 | Aurelius Victor, De Caesaribus | Galba, going out to calm the army, is killed beside the Lacus Curtius at Otho's instigation (reign of seven months and seven days). |
| AD 69 | Aurelius Victor, De Caesaribus | Vitellius, defeated at Cremona, believes he has been deceived and in his rage burns the Capitol. |
| AD 69 | Josephus, Jewish War and Antiquities of the Jews | In the middle of the Roman forum Galba is killed, Otho becomes emperor and fights Vitellius |
| AD 69 | Josephus, Jewish War and Antiquities of the Jews | In Rome, Sabinus occupies the Capitol and is attacked by Vitellius's troops |
| AD 69 | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | Believing that his lack of children made him despised, he adopted the young nobleman Piso as a son in the camp, but did not mention a gift of money, which gave Otho an opportunity. |
| AD 69 | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | On the morning before he was killed, during a sacrifice, the soothsayer repeatedly warned that the assassins were near; he stayed in the palace and posted only legionary soldiers as guards. |
| AD 69 | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | Killed at seventy-three, in the seventh month of his reign; the Senate ordered a statue set up on the naval column in the Forum where he was killed, but Vespasian cancelled it. |
| AD 69 | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | As soon as Piso left, he seized the camp and tried to attack Galba, who was dining in the palace; the same battalion that had stood guard at Gaius's killing and at Nero's desertion was on guard again this time. |
| AD 69 | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | Toward evening he entered the Senate and, having been seized in the street and forced to accept the throne, made a short speech. |
| AD 69 | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | Trumpets sounding, in a general's cloak and with a sword, he entered Rome with standards and banners in front, and took the chief pontificate on the day of the Allia defeat. |
| AD 69 | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | He tried to slip secretly away to Campania in a small litter, with only a baker and a cook, to his father's house on the Aventine. |
| AD 69 | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | While the enemy vanguard searched the palace, he was slowly tortured to death at the Scalae Gemoniae, and then dragged with a hook and thrown into the Tiber. |
| AD 69 | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | In the war with Vitellius he fled with his uncle Sabinus and some troops to the Capitol, and when the temple burned he hid all night beside the temple's keeper. |
| AD 69 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | Galba begins writing in the year he holds his second consulship together with Titus Vinius |
| AD 69 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | Galba takes Piso by the hand and speaks to adopt him |
| AD 69 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | On January 15, when Galba sacrifices before the temple of Apollo, the soothsayer reports an ill omen |
| AD 69 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | In the Praetorian camp, the soldiers hail Otho as emperor |
| AD 69 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | Galba meets his death near the Lake of Curtius |
| AD 69 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | On March 14, Otho entrusts the state to the Senate and sets out for war |
| AD 69 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | At the theater of the Ceres games, news of Otho's death is announced |
| AD 69 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | A frightened Vitellius orders Cecina and Valens to march to battle |
| AD 69 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | Sabinus and others gather on the Capitol |
| AD 69 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | Soldiers without commanders rush at the Capitol |
| AD 69 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | During the civil war the Capitol burns — the most shameful event since the city's founding |
| AD 69 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | In the street fighting, the crowd watches as if it were a mock battle |
| AD 69 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | Attacking the Praetorian camp is the hardest battle |
| AD 69 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | Vitellius is hunted down with swords, dragged about, and dies |
| AD 70 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | On January 1, the Senate passes a resolution thanking the commanders |
| AD 70 | Tacitus, Annals and Histories | The equestrian Lucius Vestinus takes charge of rebuilding the Capitol |
| AD 71 | Josephus, Jewish War and Antiquities of the Jews | The triumph of Vespasian and Titus is held in Rome, the army preparing its procession from the night before |
| AD 71 | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | Returning to Rome he celebrated the triumph for the Judean victory and held the consulship eight more times; he restored order in the provinces, where soldiers on both the winning and the losing sides had become unruly. |
| AD 71 | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | He rebuilt the Temple of Peace beside the Forum and the Temple of Claudius on the Caelian Hill, which Agrippina had begun and which had nearly collapsed. |
| AD 71 | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | He celebrated a triumph together with his father, and jointly held the censorship, the tribunician office and seven consulships. |
| AD 75 | Aurelius Victor, De Caesaribus | In Rome, Vespasian builds or completes the Capitol, the Temple of Peace, the monument of Claudius, a huge amphitheater, and the forum. |
| AD 80 | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | He dedicated an amphitheatre and inaugurated a hastily built bath complex. |
| AD 80 | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | Calamity during his reign: the great fire at Rome. |
| AD 80 | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | Calamity during his reign: a plague. |
| AD 82 | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | He rebuilt the many buildings destroyed by fire and the Capitol, which had burned for the second time, and among others erected the temple of Jupiter Custos and the Forum of Nerva. |
| AD 92 | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | He issued an edict forbidding the planting of new vines, since wine overflowed and grain was short. |
| AD 95 | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | He had his cousin Flavius Clemens executed right after his consulship ended, on a trivial suspicion. |
| AD 96 | Aurelius Victor, De Caesaribus | Domitian dies at age 45 through a conspiracy of freedmen in which his wife also took part. |
| AD 96 | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | On the day before his death, a soothsayer from Germany interpreted lightning as predicting a change of regime; he had him tried and executed, and withdrew to his bedchamber. |
| AD 96 | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | While the conspirators hesitated over whether to strike him in the bath or at dinner, Stephanus, steward of Domitilla, offered advice and cooperation. |
| AD 96 | Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars | The common people were almost indifferent, but the soldiers were enraged, demanded his deification, and persistently demanded the punishment of his assassins. |
| AD 97 | Aurelius Victor, De Caesaribus | Nerva dedicates the forum called the "Pervium" (where the temple of Minerva rises) and resigns of his own accord after sixteen months. |
| AD 98 | Eutropius, Breviarium | Nerva adopts Trajan and dies in Rome after a reign of one year, four months and eight days. |
| AD 118 | Historia Augusta | He leaves command in Dacia to Turbo and hurries to Rome to calm public opinion |
| AD 118 | Historia Augusta | He cancels private debts and arrears of taxes and burns the debt records in Trajan's Forum |
| AD 118 | Historia Augusta | In Rome he restores the Pantheon, basilicas, the Forum of Augustus and more, builds Hadrian's Bridge and Mausoleum, and moves the colossus with the architect Decrianus and 24 elephants |
| AD 135 | Aurelius Victor, De Caesaribus | Hadrian founds a school of liberal learning at Rome called the Athenaeum and introduces the Eleusinian mysteries in the Athenian manner. |
| AD 136 | Historia Augusta | Despite opposition he adopts Ceionius Commodus (Aelius Verus) and gives circus games and donatives |
| AD 138 | Historia Augusta | After the death of Aelius Verus, a gravely ill Hadrian adopts Antoninus (later Pius), on condition that Antoninus adopt Annius Verus and Marcus Antoninus |
| AD 138 | Historia Augusta | Aelius Verus finishes his speech of thanks on January 1, drinks a potion and dies that same day |
| AD 141 | Historia Augusta | When his wife Faustina dies (year 3 of his reign), the Senate deifies her and decrees games, a temple and priests |
| AD 148 | Aurelius Victor, De Caesaribus | Under Antoninus Pius, the 900th anniversary of Rome's founding is celebrated magnificently. |
| AD 161 | Historia Augusta | Taking power under pressure from the Senate, Marcus makes his brother Lucius Verus Caesar and Augustus, his co-emperor |
| AD 166 | Historia Augusta | Lucius demands that Marcus share the triumph, and the two emperors hold a triumph (after Lucius's death Marcus took only the title Germanicus) |
| AD 166 | Historia Augusta | Reluctant to leave Syria, he returns to Rome and shares the triumph with his brother |
| AD 169 | Eutropius, Breviarium | With the treasury empty, Marcus, to avoid taxing the provinces and the Senate, sells the imperial gold vessels, crystal cups, silk garments and jewels at auction in Trajan's Forum for two months. |
| AD 176 | Cassius Dio, Roman History | Marcus returned to Rome and made a speech; to a crowd shouting for 8 aurei he gave 800 sesterces each, and burned 45 years of state debt records in the Forum |
| AD 176 | Eutropius, Breviarium | Marcus again holds a triumph in Rome together with his son Commodus, whom he had already made Caesar. |
| AD 176 | Historia Augusta | He reaches Rome, celebrates a triumph, and hurries to Lavinium |
| AD 176 | Historia Augusta | He is acclaimed imperator with his father and holds a triumph |
| AD 177 | Cassius Dio, Roman History | With affairs in the Scythian (northern) lands pressing again, Marcus hurriedly married his son Commodus to Crispina |
| AD 178 | Cassius Dio, Roman History | Marcus set out after the rite of hurling the bloody spear at the temple of Bellona, sent Paternus with a large army to the front, and was hailed imperator for the tenth time |
| AD 180 | Herodian, History of the Empire | As Commodus enters Rome, the Senate and the people meet him with laurels and flowers. He stops at the temple of Jupiter and then goes to the palace. |
| AD 180 | Historia Augusta | He ends the war his father had nearly finished on the enemy's terms, returns to Rome, and rides in a triumphal procession with Saoterus |
| AD 181 | Cassius Dio, Roman History | Commodus came to Rome and made trivial remarks in the Senate, boasting of having saved his father from the mud |
| AD 182 | Cassius Dio, Roman History | At the amphitheater entrance Claudius Pompeianus (Lucilla's lover) menaced Commodus with a dagger, saying "This is what the Senate sends you"; the plot was Lucilla's and the assassination failed |
| AD 182 | Herodian, History of the Empire | Commodus dismisses his father's friends and installs the Italian-born Perennis as praetorian prefect, entrusting him with the government. |
| AD 182 | Herodian, History of the Empire | His sister Lucilla incites Quintianus to plot Commodus's assassination. Quintianus draws a dagger in a theater passage, shouting, and is seized. |
| AD 182 | Herodian, History of the Empire | Quintianus's shout lodges in Commodus's heart, and from then on he regards the whole Senate as his enemy. |
| AD 183 | Cassius Dio, Roman History | Commodus killed Salvius Julianus, Tarutenius Paternus, a noblewoman and many others; Julianus had commanded a great army but never plotted revolt |
| AD 185 | Cassius Dio, Roman History | The British legion sent 1,500 spearmen to Italy to accuse Perennis; Commodus handed the praetorian prefect over to them |
| AD 185 | Cassius Dio, Roman History | The praetorian prefect Perennis was beaten to death by soldiers, and his wife, children and sister also died |
| AD 185 | Herodian, History of the Empire | A man dressed as a philosopher bursts into the Capitoline games, crying "Perennis's dagger is at your throat." Perennis seizes and kills him. |
| AD 185 | Herodian, History of the Empire | 1,500 lancers sent by the army of Britain accuse Perennis of treason. Commodus executes him and his sons. |
| AD 187 | Herodian, History of the Empire | Maternus disperses his men and slips into Italy to strike Commodus during the festival of Cybele, but is betrayed by a comrade, seized in Rome and beheaded. |
| AD 189 | Cassius Dio, Roman History | Plague in Rome: on some days 2,000 died, and criminals spread infection with poisoned needles throughout the empire |
| AD 190 | Cassius Dio, Roman History | During a famine, a riot erupted at the circus when children led by a girl shouted; terrified, Commodus had Cleander and his son killed, and the crowd dragged their bodies about |
| AD 190 | Herodian, History of the Empire | The praetorian prefect Cleander hoards grain and raises prices, deepening the famine (the grain official Papirius was under him). |
| AD 190 | Herodian, History of the Empire | The mob marches on the suburban villa demanding Cleander; cavalry cut them down while citizens throw stones and tiles from the rooftops. Street fighting erupts in Rome. |
| AD 190 | Herodian, History of the Empire | His sister Fadilla runs to Commodus and begs him to hand over the cause of the disaster. Cleander is beheaded, his head paraded on a spear, and the riot subsides. |
| AD 190 | Historia Augusta | Unable to withstand the angry citizens, Commodus hands Cleander over to the crowd to be punished |
| AD 191 | Cassius Dio, Roman History | Commodus renamed Rome "Colonia Commodiana" and the legions "Commodian", styled himself Hercules, and changed even the names of the twelve months to his own titles |
| AD 191 | Cassius Dio, Roman History | Omen of Commodus's death: a night fire near the Temple of Peace spread and destroyed part of the palace and most of the state archives |
| AD 191 | Herodian, History of the Empire | A fire at night burns the Temple of Peace and nearby buildings, spreading as far as the temple of Vesta. People read it as an omen of war. |
| AD 192 | Aurelius Victor, De Caesaribus | When an attempt to poison Commodus fails, he is strangled by a masseur in the gymnasium, and the Senate has his name erased. |
| AD 192 | Cassius Dio, Roman History | Commodus held 14 consecutive days of spectacles in the amphitheater; on the first day he killed 100 bears single-handed while the Senate, Dio among them, watched |
| AD 192 | Cassius Dio, Roman History | After poison failed, Laetus, Eclectus and Marcia had the athlete Narcissus strangle Commodus in his bath (reign of 12 years, 9 months and 14 days) |
| AD 192 | Herodian, History of the Empire | Commodus styles himself "Hercules, son of Jupiter" and goes about with a lion skin and club. He also renames the months. |
| AD 192 | Herodian, History of the Empire | In the amphitheater Commodus fells beasts with spear and arrows from a high platform. He also stages a show of killing 100 lions with 100 spears. |
| AD 192 | Herodian, History of the Empire | At the gladiator school Commodus prepares to greet the new year dressed as a gladiator, and leaves on his bed a death list naming Marcia, Laetus, Electus and others. |
| AD 192 | Herodian, History of the Empire | A young boy carries off the list; Marcia reads it and poisons his wine. When Commodus vomits, Narcissus strangles him. His 13-year reign ends. |
| AD 192 | Herodian, History of the Empire | Laetus, Electus and their companions go by night to Pertinax's house and urge him to take the throne. |
| AD 193 | Cassius Dio, Roman History | Pertinax secretly went to the praetorian camp, promised each man 12,000 sesterces, and that night declared in the Senate "the soldiers call me emperor, but I will resign"; the Senate sincerely acclaimed him |
| AD 193 | Cassius Dio, Roman History | Pertinax was declared emperor and Commodus a public enemy; the mob that tried to tear up his body, told he was already buried, only mutilated his statues |
| AD 193 | Cassius Dio, Roman History | The treasury held only one million sesterces; Pertinax sold Commodus's ancestral items, weapons, furniture and favorites to pay the praetorians the promised sum and gave each citizen 100 denarii |
| AD 193 | Cassius Dio, Roman History | The praetorians and Laetus plotted to make the consul Falco emperor; Pertinax returned from inspecting the grain supply, informed the Senate and spared Falco's life |
| AD 193 | Cassius Dio, Roman History | 200 soldiers burst into the palace; Pertinax went out to persuade them and was killed, and only Eclectus fought and died beside him (nearly 67 years old, reign of 87 days) |
| AD 193 | Cassius Dio, Roman History | An auction of the empire before the praetorian camp: Julianus offered 25,000 sesterces per man, outbid Sulpicianus and was accepted as emperor |
| AD 193 | Cassius Dio, Roman History | At the circus the crowd denounced Julianus day and night and cried out to Niger in Syria for deliverance |
| AD 193 | Cassius Dio, Roman History | Julianus had the Senate declare Severus a public enemy and built a rampart in the suburbs, turning the city into a camp (elephants and marines from Misenum were mobilized) |
| AD 193 | Cassius Dio, Roman History | The soldiers arrested Pertinax's murderers and the Senate condemned Julianus to death and acclaimed Severus; Julianus was killed in the palace (66-day reign) |
| AD 193 | Cassius Dio, Roman History | Before entering Rome, Severus surrounded the praetorians who had killed Pertinax, stripped them of arms and horses and expelled them from Rome |
| AD 193 | Cassius Dio, Roman History | Severus entered in cavalry dress up to the gates and then on foot in civilian dress; the city was decked with flowers and laurel, and the whole army paraded under arms |
| AD 193 | Cassius Dio, Roman History | In the Forum Severus held a funeral for Pertinax's wax effigy and deified him; when the three-tiered pyre in the Campus Martius was lit, an eagle flew up |
| AD 193 | Herodian, History of the Empire | At the praetorian camp Laetus announces Commodus's death; the crowd hails Pertinax as Augustus and the soldiers follow. |
| AD 193 | Herodian, History of the Empire | Pertinax begins reforms: giving uncultivated land to those who cultivate it with a ten-year tax exemption, and abolishing tolls and informers. |
| AD 193 | Herodian, History of the Empire | Praetorian guards storm the palace at noon. Pertinax tries to calm them with a speech, but some rush him and kill him. |
| AD 193 | Herodian, History of the Empire | From the camp wall the guards shout that they will sell the empire to the highest bidder. Julianus climbs up and wins it by promising each soldier a large sum. |
| AD 193 | Herodian, History of the Empire | Soldiers escort Julianus to the palace, but the citizens, cursing him for buying the empire with money, follow at a distance. |
| AD 193 | Herodian, History of the Empire | Italian cities open their gates to Severus with laurels in hand. Julianus cannot defend himself. |
| AD 193 | Herodian, History of the Empire | The Senate proclaims Severus sole emperor, and the tribune it sends kills the abandoned Julianus. |
| AD 193 | Herodian, History of the Empire | Severus has the praetorians come out unarmed with only laurels, encircles them with spears and rebukes them, then strips them of arms and belts and drives them out. |
| AD 193 | Herodian, History of the Empire | Severus enters Rome without a single battle. The Senate and people greet him with laurels. |
| AD 193 | Herodian, History of the Empire | Severus distributes donatives, selects a new praetorian guard, and gathers recruits in Italy to prepare an eastern campaign. The Illyrian army comes down to Thrace to join him. |
| AD 193 | Historia Augusta | The people and Senate demand that Commodus's body be dragged with a hook and thrown into the Tiber, but on Pertinax's order it is laid in Hadrian's Mausoleum |
| AD 193 | Historia Augusta | At night he goes to the Senate and sits in the Temple of Concordia; Pompeianus urges him to take the throne but he declines; in the morning the senators crowd in and acclaim him emperor |
| AD 193 | Historia Augusta | Pertinax is killed on March 28 (original: five days before the Kalends of April); aged 60 |
| AD 193 | Historia Augusta | After Pertinax's death, Julianus finds the Senate closed, is brought by two tribunes to the praetorian camp, and contends with Sulpicianus for the throne |
| AD 193 | Historia Augusta | After a soldiers' assembly he goes to the Senate in the evening and puts himself in its hands unconditionally; the Senate acclaims him emperor and grants him tribunician and proconsular power |
| AD 193 | Historia Augusta | Through the efforts of the Senate's delegation, Julianus is killed in the palace by an ordinary soldier |
| AD 193 | Historia Augusta | He enters Rome under arms, ascends the Capitol and the palace, and the next day goes to the Senate with armed soldiers and friends to explain why he seized imperial power |
| AD 193 | Historia Augusta | Severus builds the Septizodium, the Baths of Severus and more in Rome (the Septimian Baths were useless because the aqueduct collapsed) |
| AD 195 | Herodian, History of the Empire | With no pretext to attack Albinus in open war, Severus tries to eliminate him secretly. |
| AD 196 | Cassius Dio, Roman History | At the last horse race before the Saturnalia the crowd cried out together "How long will we suffer this, how long will we make war?"; ill omens such as fire in the sky and silver rain appeared |
| AD 196 | Herodian, History of the Empire | Severus explains to the army why he struck Niger and incites them to punish Albinus's betrayal in the same way. |
| AD 197 | Cassius Dio, Roman History | After a speech praising the harshness of Sulla, Marius and Augustus and defending Commodus, Severus released 35 of Albinus's partisans and executed 29 (including Pertinax's father-in-law Sulpicianus) |
| AD 197 | Herodian, History of the Empire | Severus rides into Rome on horseback; the citizens greet him with laurels and the Senate offers him honorific titles. |
| AD 197 | Historia Augusta | After giving gladiatorial games and a donative, he sets out for the Parthian War |
| AD 198 | Herodian, History of the Empire | Herodian criticizes Severus for loosening army discipline by allowing soldiers grain rations, gold rings and living with their wives. |
| AD 202 | Cassius Dio, Roman History | Tenth anniversary of Severus's reign: he gave citizens and praetorians gold coins by the number of years of his reign, held the wedding of Antoninus and Plautilla, and staged a 7-day spectacle hunting 700 wild beasts |
| AD 204 | Herodian, History of the Empire | Severus holds the Secular Games and placates the citizens with a great spectacle in which hundreds of beasts are killed, and with frequent donatives. |
| AD 204 | Zosimus, New History | In the consulship of Chilo and Libo, Severus, together with his two sons Antoninus and Geta, again holds the Secular Games (Ludi Saeculares) on their 110-year cycle. |
| AD 205 | Cassius Dio, Roman History | Plautianus, summoned over an accusation of a plot contrived by Antoninus, was killed in the palace; his body was thrown into the street and buried by Severus's order |
| AD 205 | Herodian, History of the Empire | Plautianus sends a tribune on a plot to kill the emperor and his sons; it is exposed, and he is summoned to the palace and murdered. His body is thrown into the street. |
| AD 211 | Cassius Dio, Roman History | Antoninus, pretending to reconcile his brother Geta, called him to their mother's rooms and had centurions kill Geta in her arms (aged 22 years 9 months) |
| AD 211 | Cassius Dio, Roman History | Antoninus rushed to the camp and showered the soldiers with promises, then killed some 20,000 freedmen and soldiers (men and women) of Geta's party in the palace, and murdered notables such as Papinianus |
| AD 211 | Herodian, History of the Empire | Severus's funeral and deification take place in Rome. It is believed that an eagle rising from the burning pyre carries his soul to heaven. |
| AD 211 | Herodian, History of the Empire | The two brothers divide the palace, suspect each other of poisoning, and even eat at separate tables. The army and officials split into two factions. |
| AD 211 | Herodian, History of the Empire | After Geta's murder, Caracalla tells the praetorians in excuse that "my brother attacked me with armed men." |
| AD 211 | Historia Augusta | After his father's death Caracalla complains at the praetorian camp that his brother is plotting, then kills his brother in the palace and has the body burned at once |
| AD 212 | Herodian, History of the Empire | Caracalla kills a great many of Geta's associates, including the praetorian prefect and jurist Papinian. |
| AD 212 | Historia Augusta | Patruinus is killed in front of the Temple of Pius, and Papinian and his son (a quaestor) are also killed, their bodies dragged through the streets |
| AD 212 | Historia Augusta | He builds the Baths of Caracalla in Rome; the architects said the circular chamber (cella soliaris) could not be reproduced |
| AD 216 | Eutropius, Breviarium | Caracalla builds splendid baths in Rome (the Baths of Antoninus), but has nothing else worth recalling. |
| AD 217 | Cassius Dio, Roman History | On the day of the Vulcanalia lightning struck the amphitheater and burned both the upper tiers and the arena, and not even draining the aqueducts put it out; the Tiber flooded the same day |
| AD 219 | Cassius Dio, Roman History | Cult of Elagabalus: he placed the god above Jupiter, became its priest himself, observed circumcision and the pork taboo, and was called "the Assyrian" |
| AD 219 | Herodian, History of the Empire | Urged on by Maesa, Elagabalus sets out for Rome. |
| AD 219 | Historia Augusta | On entering Rome he neglects provincial affairs, installs the god Elagabal on the Palatine and builds a temple |
| AD 220 | Cassius Dio, Roman History | Elagabalus married Cornelia Paula (with a feast, gladiators and the slaughter of 51 tigers), then divorced her and lived with the Vestal Aquilia Severa |
| AD 220 | Cassius Dio, Roman History | Elagabalus summoned Urania of Carthage as wife of the god Elagabalus, kept her in the palace and collected wedding gifts |
| AD 220 | Herodian, History of the Empire | Elagabalus holds a procession carrying the black stone idol along a road strewn with gold dust, and the citizens follow with torches and flowers. |
| AD 220 | Herodian, History of the Empire | Elagabalus marries a Vestal Virgin, excusing it by saying a marriage of priest and priestess is fitting. |
| AD 221 | Cassius Dio, Roman History | Elagabalus brought his cousin Bassianus to the Senate with Maesa and Soaemias at his sides, adopted him and renamed him Alexander by the god's command |
| AD 221 | Herodian, History of the Empire | The soldiers, scorning Elagabalus's women's dress and dancing, turn to the prudent Alexander and protect him. His mother Mamaea even checks his food herself. |
| AD 221 | Historia Augusta | Regretting his adoption of Alexander, he casts him off and orders the Senate to strip him of the title Caesar, but only silence follows |
| AD 222 | Aurelius Victor, De Caesaribus | Elagabalus is killed in the camp (praetorian barracks) after a reign of thirty months. |
| AD 222 | Cassius Dio, Roman History | Elagabalus's attempt to harm Alexander caused unrest among the praetorians; he tried to escape hidden in a chest in the camp but was found and killed at 18, his mother died with him, and the bodies were dragged about and thrown into the Tiber |
| AD 222 | Cassius Dio, Roman History | Alexander immediately became emperor and entrusted the praetorians and the affairs of the empire to Domitius Ulpianus |
| AD 222 | Herodian, History of the Empire | In the praetorian camp the soldiers cheer only Alexander. Enraged, Elagabalus tries to punish the troublemakers, and the soldiers kill him and his mother. Their bodies are thrown into a sewer. |
| AD 222 | Herodian, History of the Empire | The soldiers proclaim Alexander emperor and bring him into the palace. Still young, he is under the guidance of his mother and grandmother. |
| AD 222 | Herodian, History of the Empire | Alexander fills offices with learned jurists and officers with war experience. His mother keeps away from the palace those who would corrupt him. |
| AD 222 | Historia Augusta | Elagabalus's body will not fit down the sewer, so it is weighted and thrown into the Tiber from the Aemilian Bridge |
| AD 222 | Historia Augusta | On the day before the Nones of March, at a Senate meeting in the Temple of Concordia, Alexander receives the title Augustus |
| AD 223 | Cassius Dio, Roman History | Ulpianus killed Flavianus and Chrestus and took over their posts, but was soon attacked at night by the praetorians, fled to the palace and was killed |
| AD 223 | Cassius Dio, Roman History | While Ulpianus was alive, citizens and praetorians fought street battles for three days over a trifle; when the soldiers tried to set buildings on fire, the citizens made peace |
| AD 233 | Historia Augusta | Back in Rome he holds a grand triumph and reports to the Senate that he has 'conquered Persia' (recorded as September 25) |
| AD 234 | Historia Augusta | As he leaves for the Germanic war, citizens and senators see him off for 100 to 150 miles |
| AD 238 | Herodian, History of the Empire | Quaestors sent by Gordian approach Maximinus's praetorian prefect Vitalianus on the pretext of a secret letter and stab him to death. |
| AD 238 | Herodian, History of the Empire | The Senate sends messengers to provincial governors. Most kill Maximinus's officials and side with Rome, but some kill the messengers or send them to Maximinus. |
| AD 238 | Herodian, History of the Empire | The Senate elects Pupienus Maximus and Balbinus as joint emperors. |
| AD 238 | Herodian, History of the Empire | At the citizens' demand, the boy Gordian (grandson of Gordian I) is brought and made Caesar. |
| AD 238 | Herodian, History of the Empire | The citizens, even rallying gladiators, attack the praetorian camp, but the soldiers open the gates and counterattack, and gladiators and the crowd fall. |
| AD 238 | Herodian, History of the Empire | A large part of the city is burned. The looting is done by the lower classes mixed into the crowd. |
| AD 238 | Herodian, History of the Empire | On news of Maximinus's death, the people of Rome rush out in joy and Balbinus offers sacrifices. |
| AD 238 | Herodian, History of the Empire | The praetorians, suspicious of the German guards the emperors keep beside them, cause a disturbance during the Capitoline games. |
| AD 238 | Herodian, History of the Empire | Praetorians storm the palace, tear the clothing of the two old emperors, mutilate their bodies, kill them and leave them in the street. |
| AD 238 | Herodian, History of the Empire | The praetorians hail the boy Gordian as emperor and shout to the citizens that they had "only removed the two they disliked." |
| AD 238 | Historia Augusta | On June 26 (six days before the Kalends), the Senate meets in the Temple of Castor and Pollux and reads Gordian's letter from Africa |
| AD 238 | Historia Augusta | Maximus and Balbinus are acclaimed Augusti by the people and Gordian's grandson becomes Caesar; after Maximus leaves, clashes between the praetorians and citizens burn most of the city tradition |
| AD 238 | Historia Augusta | After sacrifices and games, Maximus makes vows on the Capitol and sets out with a large army against Maximinus tradition |
| AD 238 | Historia Augusta | It is decided that Maximus will campaign against Parthia and Balbinus against the Germans, but the soldiers acclaim the young Gordian Augustus and go to the camp |
| AD 238 | Historia Augusta | Maximus and Balbinus are killed in a soldiers' riot and Gordian III becomes Augustus (the HA says they reigned two years) |
| AD 242 | Historia Augusta | He opens the gates of Janus, sets out on the Persian campaign, marches into Moesia, and drives off the enemy in Thrace |
| AD 248 | Aurelius Victor, De Caesaribus | Philip and his son celebrate the thousandth anniversary of Rome's founding with every kind of games. |
| AD 248 | Eutropius, Breviarium | Under Philip and his son, the thousandth anniversary of Rome's founding is celebrated grandly with games and spectacles. |
| AD 260 | Zosimus, New History | When the Scythians enter Italy and menace Rome, the Senate arms the city's soldiers and sturdy commoners to form an army larger than the barbarians'; the barbarians leave Rome alone and plunder elsewhere in Italy. |
| AD 262 | Historia Augusta | In the consulship of Gallienus and Faustianus, a great earthquake and several days of darkness strike, cities in Asia are damaged, and a plague killing 5,000 a day spreads in Rome and the cities of Achaea tradition |
| AD 262 | Historia Augusta | After the Byzantium massacre he hurries to Rome, convenes the Senate, celebrates the decennial festival, and holds a procession featuring elephants, gladiators, and Goths, Sarmatians, Franks and Persians |
| AD 271 | Aurelius Victor, De Caesaribus | In Rome, the mint workers under Felicissimus revolt out of fear after counterfeiting, and in the fighting on the Caelian Hill nearly 7,000 soldiers are lost. |
| AD 271 | Eutropius, Breviarium | In Rome, mint workers counterfeit coins, kill the treasury official Felicissimus and revolt; Aurelian suppresses them with extreme severity and executes several nobles. |
| AD 271 | Eutropius, Breviarium | Aurelian surrounds Rome with a stronger wall and builds a temple of the Sun filled with gold and jewels. |
| AD 271 | Historia Augusta | After the Marcomannic war he marches on Rome, harshly executes the ringleaders of the unrest, and, consulting the Senate, extends Rome's walls |
| AD 271 | Historia Augusta | In putting down the mint workers' revolt led by Felicissimus, keeper of the imperial treasury, 7,000 soldiers fall tradition |
| AD 271 | Zosimus, New History | Fearing an Alamanni invasion of Italy, Aurelian kills thousands of barbarians near the Danube and begins girding Rome, which had no walls, with a wall that was finished under Probus. |
| AD 274 | Aurelius Victor, De Caesaribus | Aurelian builds a temple of the Sun in Rome and adorns it with gifts, and surrounds the city with a strong wall of wide circuit. |
| AD 274 | Eutropius, Breviarium | Aurelian enters Rome and celebrates a triumph as the recoverer of East and West, with Tetricus and Zenobia walking before his chariot. |
| AD 274 | Historia Augusta | Aurelian drags the senator and consular Tetricus along in his triumphal procession with Zenobia, but soon makes him corrector of Italy |
| AD 274 | Historia Augusta | Triumph over East and West: the chariots of Odaenathus, the Persian king and Zenobia, 20 elephants, Gothic women said to be Amazons, Tetricus and his son in red cloaks, and Zenobia in golden chains march in the procession |
| AD 274 | Zosimus, New History | Aurelian holds a triumph in Rome and builds a temple of the Sun with spoils taken from Palmyra, setting up statues of the Sun and Belus. |
| AD 281 | Historia Augusta | He holds a triumph over the Germans and Blemmyes and releases a thousand each of ostriches, deer, boars and more in the circus for citizens to take freely tradition |
| AD 306 | Aurelius Victor, De Caesaribus | In Rome, the plebs and the praetorians confirm Maxentius as emperor despite his father Herculius's long opposition. |
| AD 306 | Zosimus, New History | Maxentius is proclaimed emperor with the help of two military tribunes, the pork-ration official Lucianus, and the praetorians, and first kills the opposing city prefect Abellius. |
| AD 312 | Zosimus, New History | On the plain before Rome, Constantine's cavalry scatters Maxentius's; Maxentius flees across the bridge, which collapses, and he drowns in the river, and his head is carried into the city on a spear. |
| AD 326 | Zosimus, New History | Coming to Rome, Constantine kills his son Crispus on suspicion of an affair with his stepmother Fausta, and, Zosimus writes, to console his grieving mother Helena has Fausta shut in a heated bath to die. |
| AD 326 | Zosimus, New History | Unable to find a way to cleanse his guilt, Constantine adopts Christianity on the word of the Spaniard Aegyptius, and by insulting the rites at the festival where the army goes up to the Capitol, he earns the hatred of the Senate and people. |
| AD 348 | Aurelius Victor, De Caesaribus | The 1,100th year, in the author's time, passes without any observance (the year of Philip's consulship). |
| AD 350 | Aurelius Victor, De Caesaribus | In Rome, Nepotianus, connected to the Flavian house, kills the city prefect and, with a band of gladiators, styles himself emperor, filling streets and temples with corpses. |
| AD 411 | Bede, Ecclesiastical History of the English People | Rome fell to the Goths, after which the Romans ended their rule over Britain. |
| AD 455 | Procopius, History of the Wars | Geiseric lands in Italy with a great fleet and takes Rome; Maximus is stoned to death. |
| AD 536 | Procopius, History of the Wars | Belisarius entered Rome through the Asinarian Gate while the Goths withdrew by the Flaminian Gate; for the first time in sixty years Rome was in Roman hands. |
| AD 537 | Procopius, History of the Wars | At news of the Gothic general mobilization, Belisarius was troubled; he responded at the Tiber bridge (Milvius). |
| AD 537 | Procopius, History of the Wars | The Goths easily broke the tower gate of the bridge and crossed, clashing with Belisarius's cavalry of a thousand. |
| AD 537 | Procopius, History of the Wars | The Goths began the siege of Rome, building six palisades; Rome posted guards at each gate. |
| AD 537 | Procopius, History of the Wars | On the morning of the eighteenth day of the siege, the Goths attacked the walls with siege towers and rams; Belisarius smiled and reassured his soldiers. |
| AD 537 | Procopius, History of the Wars | Belisarius wrote to the emperor that he had secured Rome but his forces were scattered, requesting reinforcements. |
| AD 537 | Procopius, History of the Wars | The Roman troops, drunk on successive victories, wanted an all-out battle, but Belisarius insisted only on small sorties. |
| AD 537 | Procopius, History of the Wars | Witigis armed all the Goths and prepared a decisive battle around the plain of Nero. |
| AD 537 | Procopius, History of the Wars | The Romans avoided a full-scale battle and defeated the barbarians with cavalry raids; Bessas distinguished himself. |
| AD 537 | Procopius, History of the Wars | Around midsummer, famine and plague struck Rome; the Goths avoided battle and chose a war of attrition. |
| AD 538 | Procopius, History of the Wars | The barbarians, struck by plague and hunger, gave up the war and discussed ways to withdraw. |
| AD 538 | Procopius, History of the Wars | Belisarius and Constantine fell out over the affair of Presidius. |
| AD 538 | Procopius, History of the Wars | The Goths tried a night infiltration through the aqueduct near the Pincian Gate. |
| AD 538 | Procopius, History of the Wars | Belisarius marched at midsummer to Witigis's camp, leaving only a small force in Rome. |
| AD 545 | Procopius, History of the Wars | Totila approached Rome and laid siege to it, declaring that he would not harm the farmers and would only collect taxes. |
| AD 546 | Procopius, History of the Wars | Pelagius asked Totila for a truce but in vain, and famine in Rome worsened. |
| AD 546 | Procopius, History of the Wars | Bessas sold grain and neglected the defenses; Isaurian guards opened the gates to Totila, and Rome fell on December 17. |
| AD 547 | Procopius, History of the Wars | Belisarius entered Rome with only a small garrison and quickly repaired the collapsed walls, a bold recapture. |
| AD 547 | Procopius, History of the Wars | John besieged the fortress of Acheronti and, learning that Totila was attacking Rome's walls, made a daring relief attempt. |
| AD 550 | Procopius, History of the Wars | Totila besieged Rome; three thousand elite troops under Diogenes defended it, but the Isaurians opened the gates. |
| AD 552 | Procopius, History of the Wars | After his victory Narses took Rome and received its surrender; in the twenty-sixth year, the fortresses surrendered. |
| AD 553 | Procopius, History of the Wars | The Senate and people of Rome remarked that this victory had in fact become the cause of their ruin. |
| AD 596 | Bede, Ecclesiastical History of the English People | Pope Gregory the Great sent Augustine and monks to missionize the English people. |
| AD 601 | Bede, Ecclesiastical History of the English People | Augustine sent the priest Laurentius and the monk Peter to Rome to report to the pope and receive answers to his questions. |
| AD 601 | Bede, Ecclesiastical History of the English People | The pope sent Augustine the pallium, a letter, and reinforcements including Mellitus. |
| AD 601 | Bede, Ecclesiastical History of the English People | The pope sent with Mellitus, who was going to Britain, a letter ordering that pagan temples not be destroyed but converted into churches. |
| AD 601 | Bede, Ecclesiastical History of the English People | The pope sent a letter and gifts to King Ethelbert. |
| AD 604 | Bede, Ecclesiastical History of the English People | Pope Gregory the Great died. |
| AD 610 | Bede, Ecclesiastical History of the English People | Mellitus went to Rome and attended the council of Pope Boniface. |
| AD 624 | Bede, Ecclesiastical History of the English People | Pope Boniface sent Justus a pallium and a letter. |
| AD 625 | Bede, Ecclesiastical History of the English People | Pope Boniface sent a letter to King Edwin urging him to faith (and also a letter to the queen). |
| AD 634 | Bede, Ecclesiastical History of the English People | Pope Honorius sent a letter of encouragement to Edwin and a pallium to Paulinus. |
| AD 640 | Bede, Ecclesiastical History of the English People | The pope-elect John sent the Scots a letter about the date of Easter and the Pelagian heresy. |
| AD 667 | Bede, Ecclesiastical History of the English People | The priest Wighard went to Rome to be consecrated archbishop and died there; the pope sent a letter. |
| AD 668 | Bede, Ecclesiastical History of the English People | Pope Vitalian consecrated Theodore as archbishop and sent him to Britain with Hadrian. |
| AD 688 | Bede, Ecclesiastical History of the English People | Caedwalla, king of the West Saxons, went to Rome, was baptized by Pope Sergius, and died soon after. |
| AD 692 | Bede, Ecclesiastical History of the English People | Willibrord was consecrated bishop of Frisia at Rome; Suidbert was consecrated in Britain. |
| AD 709 | Bede, Ecclesiastical History of the English People | Coenred, king of Mercia, and Offa, king of the East Saxons, ended their lives in Rome in monastic habit. |
| AD 749 | Royal Frankish Annals | Bishop Burchard of Würzburg and the priest Fulrad are sent to Pope Zacharias to consult him on royal power. The pope says it is better to call the one who holds real power king, and permits Pippin to be made king |
| AD 781 | Royal Frankish Annals | Charles spends Easter in Rome; Pope Hadrian baptizes his son Pippin, anoints him king, and also anoints Ludovicus and crowns him. Pippin becomes king of Italy and Ludovicus king of Aquitaine |
| AD 787 | Royal Frankish Annals | Envoys of Tassilo, Duke of Bavaria, ask the pope to mediate a reconciliation, but when the king asks them to confirm their authority, the envoys say they have no power to answer. The pope declares he will excommunicate anyone who breaks a promise, and the matter comes to nothing. The king visits the tombs of the apostles and returns to Francia |
| AD 796 | Royal Frankish Annals | Hadrian dies and Leo ascends to the papacy; as envoy he sends the king the keys of St Peter and the banner of the city of Rome, and asks for noble envoys who will receive the oath of loyalty from the Romans. Angilbert is sent, and Duke Erich of Friuli sends to St Peter some of the treasures taken from the Hun palace at Ring |
| AD 799 | Royal Frankish Annals | During a procession, Pope Leo, caught in an ambush laid by the Romans, is said to have been thrown from his horse, had his eyes gouged out and his tongue cut; at night he escaped over the city wall, was rescued by Winigis, Duke of Spoleto, and taken to Spoleto |
| AD 800 | Royal Frankish Annals | Guided by Pope Leo, who receives him at Nomentum, Charles enters Rome on November 24, welcomed by the clergy on the steps of St Peter's basilica |
| AD 800 | Royal Frankish Annals | At the Christmas Mass Pope Leo places a crown on Charles's head, and the Romans acclaim: 'Charles Augustus… emperor of the Romans'; the pope honors him as the ancient rulers were honored, and Charles drops the title of patricius and is called emperor and Augustus |
| AD 815 | Royal Frankish Annals | The Romans plunder and set fire to the new farms that the sick Pope Leo had founded, and try to march on Rome; King Bernard sends Duke Winigis of Spoleto to put down the revolt |
| AD 823 | Royal Frankish Annals | Lothair, who was administering justice in Italy, goes to Rome at the request of Pope Paschal and at Easter (April 5) in St Peter's basilica receives the imperial crown and the titles of emperor and Augustus; he returns to his father in June via Pavia |
| AD 823 | Royal Frankish Annals | News reaches the emperor that Theodore, an official of the papal curia, and his son-in-law Leo were blinded and beheaded in the Lateran palace (reportedly for siding with the emperor, or on Pope Paschal's order). The pope declares his innocence under oath and says the killers were of the family of Peter, so the act was justified |
| AD 824 | Royal Frankish Annals | Pope Paschal dies and Eugenius is consecrated; the emperor sends Lothair to Rome after mid-August to settle matters with the new pope and the Romans. Lothair is received by Eugenius and restores order in Rome |
| AD 1081 | Anna Komnene, The Alexiad | Henry, setting out to march on Rome, asked Robert for an alliance. |
| AD 1084 | Anna Komnene, The Alexiad | Robert hurried to Rome to stop the king of the Alamanni and joined the papal forces. |