Caesar, Commentaries on the Gallic War: a Standard history source. Covers 58 BC – 50 BC, with 144 events in chronological order. Text license and provenance included.
| Type | Standard history |
|---|---|
| Viewpoint | Insider account |
| Years covered | 58 BC – 50 BC |
| Events | 144 events, 54 placed on the map |
| Author | Gaius Julius Caesar (8권 Aulus Hirtius) |
| Original title | Commentarii de Bello Gallico |
Regions: Western Europe 143 · Southern Europe 1
| Year | Place | Event | Passage |
|---|---|---|---|
| 58 BC | Geneva | Hearing that the Helvetii meant to pass through the province, Caesar left Rome, marched at forced pace to Geneva (Genava), and had its bridge cut. | 1.7 |
| 58 BC | Geneva | Built a 16-foot-high wall and ditch from Lake Geneva to the Jura and posted garrisons to block the Helvetii's crossing. | 1.8 |
| 58 BC | Aquileia | Learning that the Helvetii were heading for the Santones' land, he left Labienus in charge of the defenses, went to Italy to levy two legions, and came out with three legions wintering near Aquileia. | 1.10 |
| 58 BC | Arar (Saône) | When three-quarters of the Helvetii had crossed the Saône, Caesar struck the stragglers who had not yet crossed with three legions in a night attack at the third watch, routing them along with their baggage. | 1.12 |
| 58 BC | Arar (Saône) | Caesar bridged the Saône in a single day and crossed; the Helvetii sent Diviciacus as envoy to negotiate, and Caesar answered firmly. | 1.13 |
| 58 BC | Helvetii 추격로 | Four thousand Roman cavalry chased the Helvetii rear too eagerly and were beaten back at a bad spot by 500 horsemen; Caesar restrained the fighting. | 1.15 |
| 58 BC | 아이두이 영역 | The Aedui delayed the grain they had promised; Caesar rebuked them. The chief magistrate Liscus revealed a secret, showing Dumnorix to be the anti-Roman agitator. | 1.16–1.17 |
| 58 BC | 헬베티 진영 인근 산 | Labienus took the hilltop near the Helvetii camp, but the scout officer Considius falsely reported that the enemy had seized it, and the chance for a surprise attack was lost. | 1.21–1.22 |
| 58 BC | Bibracte | To get grain, Caesar turned from the Helvetii toward Bibracte; the Helvetii took this for a retreat and pursued him, attacking his rear guard. | 1.23 |
| 58 BC | Bibracte | Caesar placed his legions on the hill and broke the Helvetii phalanx; the battle ran from the seventh hour to evening, and at the wagon camp it continued late into the night (near Bibracte; exact site unknown). | 1.26 |
| 58 BC | 헬베티 귀환로 | The Helvetii surrendered, handing over hostages, weapons and runaway slaves; but 6,000 men of the Verbigeni slipped away at night, and Caesar captured them and treated them as enemies. He ordered the rest to return home and rebuild their towns. | 1.27 |
| 58 BC | 헬베티 진영 | A list in Greek letters found in the Helvetii camp recorded 368,000 emigrants, about 92,000 men able to bear arms, and a count of returnees that confirmed 110,000. | 1.29 |
| 58 BC | 갈리아 부족장 회의 | Envoys from nearly all Gallic tribes congratulated Caesar, then secretly complained of Ariovistus's oppression; Diviciacus spoke for them. | 1.31 |
| 58 BC | 회담 교섭 | Caesar proposed a place for talks, but Ariovistus refused; to a second embassy he replied arrogantly that Gaul was his own territory. | 1.34 |
| 58 BC | Besançon | Hearing that Suebi reinforcements were coming, Caesar marched three days in haste; but on a report that Ariovistus meant to seize Vesontio, the chief city of the Sequani, he took it first. | 1.38 |
| 58 BC | Besançon | While Caesar stayed a few days at Vesontio, rumors about the Germans spread panic through the whole army; he summoned the centurions, rebuked them, and restored morale with a speech. | 1.39 |
| 58 BC | 아리오비스투스와의 회담 언덕 | Talks held on horseback on an earthen hill midway between the camps: Caesar reminded Ariovistus of the Senate's goodwill, but the talks broke down when German cavalry hurled stones. | 1.43 |
| 58 BC | 아리오비스투스 진영 인근 | Ariovistus moved his camp to cut Caesar's supply line; Caesar drew up his battle line for five days in a row, while small cavalry skirmishes continued. | 1.48 |
| 58 BC | 아리오비스투스와의 결전지 | Caesar began the attack himself from the right wing and broke the German square; the enemy fled some 50 miles to the Rhine, and Ariovistus escaped in a small boat. | 1.52 |
| 58 BC | 세쿠아니 영역 | Having ended two wars in one year, Caesar left his army in winter quarters in Sequani territory under Labienus, and went to Cisalpine Gaul to hold circuit courts. | 1.54 |
| 57 BC | 벨기카 방면 행군 | On news of the Belgae alliance, Caesar levied two new legions and sent Pedius ahead; after securing supplies, he reached Belgian territory in about 15 days. | 2.2 |
| 57 BC | 레미 영역 | The nearest Belgae, the Remi, sent envoys Iccius and Antebrogius to surrender, promising hostages and grain, and reported the Belgic forces. | 2.3 |
| 57 BC | 비브락스(레미의 도시) | The Belgae stormed Bibrax, a Remi town, on their march; it barely held out for one day, and Iccius asked Caesar for relief. | 2.6 |
| 57 BC | 악소나(엔강) 도하점 | The Belgae, facing him across a marsh, tried to cross the Axona; Caesar crossed the bridge with cavalry and light infantry and struck the enemy as they crossed, defeating them heavily. | 2.9 |
| 57 BC | 벨가이 진영 | When the Belgae withdrew disorderly in the middle of the night, Caesar, wary of an ambush, struck the rear guard at dawn with cavalry and legions, inflicting heavy slaughter. | 2.11 |
| 57 BC | 수에시오네스의 노비오두눔 | The Suessiones' town of Noviodunum could not be taken by storm, so he prepared siege equipment; the town surrendered, giving hostages including two sons of King Galba. | 2.12 |
| 57 BC | Bratuspantium | Five miles from the Bellovaci city of Bratuspantium, the elders came to plead; through Diviciacus's mediation he took 600 hostages and pardoned them. | 2.13 |
| 57 BC | 암비아니 영역 | The Ambiani surrendered without delay; Caesar heard that the neighboring Nervii were a strong tribe that barred merchants and even wine. | 2.15 |
| 57 BC | Sabis (Sambre) | After a three-day march, a prisoner told him the Nervii, Atrebates and Veromandui had gathered across the Sabis (Sambre). While he fortified a river camp they attacked in force: the 9th and 10th legions drove the Atrebates into the river, and the arrival of Labienus turned the battle. | 2.16–2.23 |
| 57 BC | 네르비이 영역 | The Nervii were almost wiped out: their envoys said 600 elders had been reduced to 3, and an army of 60,000 to about 500, and they surrendered. | 2.28 |
| 57 BC | 아두아투키 요새 | The Aduatuci gathered in one strongly defended town, but when they saw the 12-foot-high, 15-mile-circuit siege wall and the moving siege towers, they asked to surrender. | 2.30 |
| 57 BC | 서부 해안 부족들 | Publius Crassus, leading one legion, reported that the coastal tribes of the Atlantic had been placed under Roman rule. | 2.34 |
| 57 BC | 카르누테스·안데스·투로네스 영역 | Tribes across the Rhine also promised hostages. Caesar placed his legions in winter quarters in the lands of the Carnutes, Andes and Turones, then left for Italy; the Senate voted a fifteen-day thanksgiving. | 2.35 |
| 57 BC – 56 BC | Martigny | Caesar sent Servius Galba with the 12th Legion to open the Alpine pass used by merchants; after several battles Galba took hostages and camped at Octodurus. | 3.1 |
| 57 BC – 56 BC | Martigny | While camped there, the Seduni and Veragri seized the mountain and surrounded them. Galba's army, which held out more than six hours, sortied from all gates on the advice of Baculus and Volusenus, killing more than a third of the 30,000 enemy. | 3.3–3.5 |
| 56 BC | 베네티 영역 | Crassus, wintering at Andes, sent officers Silius and Velanius to get grain; the Veneti detained them and demanded the return of their hostages, and the coastal tribes joined in. | 3.7–3.8 |
| 56 BC | 루아르강 하구 | Caesar ordered warships built on the Loire and rowers levied from the province; when the season allowed, he joined the army, while the Veneti made ready for war. | 3.9 |
| 56 BC | 갈리아 각지 | Caesar spread his forces: Labienus toward the Treveri and Remi, Crassus into Aquitania, Sabinus toward the Unelli and others. | 3.11 |
| 56 BC | 베네티 해전 | When the fleet arrived, about 220 Veneti ships sailed out to meet it; the Romans cut the sail rigging with hooks and won by boarding. The wind dropped just then, so the enemy ships could not escape. | 3.14 |
| 56 BC | 베네티 영역 | After the sea victory the Veneti surrendered; Caesar, to punish the detention of envoys, had the whole senate executed and sold the rest into slavery. | 3.16 |
| 56 BC | 우넬리 영역 | Sabinus feigned fear and, using a disguised deserter, lured Viridovix's army up the hill; then he sortied from two gates and defeated it. | 3.19 |
| 56 BC | 소티아테스 영역 | Crassus marched into Aquitania, fought and won against the Sotiates and besieged their town; Adcantuannus with 600 of his men sortied, but was blocked. | 3.20–3.21 |
| 56 BC | 보카테스·타루사테스 영역 | When Crassus marched into the land of the Bocates and Tarusates, Aquitania gathered forces from Spain to resist. After a standoff, he broke through their camp's rear gate with cavalry and defeated them. | 3.23 |
| 56 BC | 아퀴타니아 | With news of this victory, most tribes of Aquitania surrendered to Crassus and sent hostages. | 3.27 |
| 56 BC | 모리니·메나피이 영역 | As summer neared its end, Caesar marched against the Morini and Menapii, who had not yet surrendered; but they hid in the forest, and after cutting a path through it, he withdrew when heavy rain stopped the work. | 3.28 |
| 55 BC | 라인강 하구 인근 | Chased by the Suebi, the Usipetes and Tencteri crossed the Rhine in great numbers into Menapian territory in the winter of the consulship of Pompey and Crassus, near the Rhine mouth. | 4.1 |
| 55 BC | 게르만 진영 인근 | With grain and cavalry ready, Caesar marched; German envoys came asking for peace, but Caesar replied that no alliance was possible while they stayed in Gaul, and urged them to settle in the land of the Ubii. | 4.7 |
| 55 BC | 게르만 진영 인근 | While they asked for a truce, 800 German horsemen attacked 5,000 Roman cavalry; they leaped from their horses and stabbed the bellies of the Roman horses, throwing them into confusion. | 4.12 |
| 55 BC | 마스·라인 합류점 | Caesar advanced eight miles in three lines and attacked the enemy camp, slaughtering even their families; those who fled plunged into the river at the confluence of the Meuse and the Rhine and died. | 4.15 |
| 55 BC | 라인강 다리 | Caesar chose to cross into Germania by a bridge rather than boats: he drove piles into the Rhine and built a bridge; it was finished ten days after the timber began to be gathered, and the whole army crossed. | 4.17 |
| 55 BC | 시감브리·우비이 영역 | Staying a few days in the land of the Sugambri, he burned villages and cut the grain, then went to the land of the Ubii, where he learned that the Sugambri had fled into the forest. | 4.19 |
| 55 BC | 모리니 항구 | Deciding to invade Britain, he sent Volusenus ahead in warships to scout, and gathered his army and fleet at the harbor of the Morini. | 4.21 |
| 55 BC | 브리타니아 상륙지 | He sailed at the third watch and reached Britain about the fourth hour; seeing the enemy lined up on every hill, he waited for the other ships, then moved along the coast to prepare a landing. | 4.23 |
| 55 BC | 브리타니아 상륙지 | The water was deep and the soldiers hesitated to jump; the eagle-bearer jumped first and led the landing. Covered by the warships' slings and arrows and reinforced by small boats, they landed and defeated the enemy. | 4.25–4.26 |
| 55 BC | 브리타니아 진영 | The defeated Britons sent envoys promising hostages and submission, returned Commius whom they had held, and asked for peace. | 4.27 |
| 55 BC | 브리타니아 해안 진영 | Four days after landing, a storm scattered the cavalry transports; with a full-moon spring tide, the warships hauled onto the beach were flooded, and the transports collided, damaging many ships. | 4.29 |
| 55 BC | 브리타니아 진영 | The British chiefs saw Rome's small camp and its lack of cavalry, ships and grain, and resolved to resume the war; Caesar read the signs and prepared, repairing the damaged ships with parts from the wrecks. | 4.30–4.31 |
| 55 BC | 브리타니아 곡식밭 | A legion sent out to gather grain was attacked by the Britons; the guard at the camp gate noticed a bigger cloud of dust than usual. Caesar hurried to its rescue and saved the legion, which was in trouble from the chariot fighting. | 4.32 |
| 55 BC | 브리타니아 진영 | Britain was defeated again and asked for peace; Caesar demanded twice as many hostages. As the autumn equinox approached, he sailed just after midnight and the fleet returned to the Continent (only two transports landed a little farther down). | 4.36 |
| 55 BC | 모리니 영역 | About 300 soldiers who had landed late were surrounded by the Morini, who gathered 6,000 to plunder them; they held out for more than four hours until cavalry drove the attackers off. | 4.37 |
| 54 BC | 포르투스 이티우스 | Over the winter he counted about 600 transports and 28 warships built by the soldiers, and ordered the fleet to gather at Portus Itius, the port with the shortest crossing to Britain. | 5.2 |
| 54 BC | Treveri | Among the rival leaders in the land of the Treveri, Indutiomarus and Cingetorix, Caesar made Indutiomarus hand over 200 hostages and reconciled the two factions. | 5.4 |
| 54 BC | 이티우스 항 | Held up for about 25 days at Portus Itius by north winds, Caesar tried to curb the restless movements of Dumnorix, whom he meant to take from Gaul as a hostage. | 5.7 |
| 54 BC | 브리타니아 해안 | He left Labienus on the Continent with three legions and 2,000 cavalry; he himself sailed at dusk with five legions and the same number of horse. The wind died and the tide carried them off; Britain was seen on the left, and they rowed in and landed. | 5.8 |
| 54 BC | 브리타니아 상륙지·내륙 | After landing, at night he marched about 12 miles and at a river beat back British cavalry and chariots; the next day he received word that a storm had wrecked most of the ships at anchor. | 5.10 |
| 54 BC | 브리타니아 카이사르 진영 | British cavalry and charioteers fought the marching Roman horse and were chased into the woods; while the Romans were building camp, they burst out of the woods again and attacked the sentries. | 5.15 |
| 54 BC | 템스 도하 지점 | Caesar marched into the land of Cassivellaunus and reached the Thames; facing the enemy's stake defenses, his soldiers crossed with only their heads above water and drove the enemy off. | 5.18 |
| 54 BC | 트리노반테스 영역 | The Trinovantes submitted to ask protection for Mandubracius; Caesar took 40 hostages and grain, and sent him back to rule them. | 5.20 |
| 54 BC | 켄트 해안의 함대 진영 | Cassivellaunus had the four kings of Kent attack the fleet camp, but Roman troops sortied and captured Lugotorix; thereupon Cassivellaunus asked for peace. | 5.22 |
| 54 BC | Amiens | After drawing the ships up on the shore, Caesar held a Gallic council at Samarobriva; because of the poor harvest he spread the legions among many tribes for winter quarters, unlike usual. | 5.24 |
| 54 BC | 카르누테스 영역 | When Tasgetius, whom Caesar had set up as king, was murdered by enemies, he ordered Plancus with one legion to go to the land of the Carnutes, winter there and catch the killers. | 5.25 |
| 54 BC – 53 BC | 사비누스·코타의 숙영지(에부로네스 영역) | On the fifteenth day of winter quarters, Ambiorix attacked the camp of Sabinus and Cotta and withdrew; then with false talks he persuaded them. Sabinus overruled Cotta's objections and they withdrew, but were caught in a valley ambush; Sabinus and Cotta died and the legion was nearly wiped out (land of the Eburones). | 5.26–5.37 |
| 54 BC – 53 BC | 퀸투스 키케로 숙영지(네르비이 영역) | Ambiorix stirred up the Nervii through the Aduatuci; the allied forces attacked and surrounded Quintus Cicero's winter camp, and they raised 120 towers overnight for defense. | 5.38–5.39 |
| 54 BC – 53 BC | Amiens | On receiving Cicero's letter around eleven o'clock, Caesar summoned forces from Crassus, Fabius and Labienus; the next day he marched 20 miles, left Crassus at Samarobriva to hold it, and rushed into Nervii territory. | 5.46–5.47 |
| 54 BC – 53 BC | 네르비이 영역·키케로 구원 | With a small camp he feigned fear to lure the enemy; when the careless foe crossed the valley to approach, he sortied from all gates, defeated them, and rescued Cicero. | 5.51 |
| 54 BC – 53 BC | 레미 영역 | News of Caesar's victory reached Labienus through the land of the Remi shortly before midnight; Indutiomarus gave up the attack he had planned for the next day and withdrew at night. | 5.53 |
| 54 BC – 53 BC | 세노네스 영역 | Cavarinus, whom Caesar had set up as king, was driven out by the Senones; he fled and was chased to the border. Caesar summoned the Gallic leaders and, by threats and persuasion, kept most of their loyalty. | 5.54 |
| 54 BC – 53 BC | Treveri | Indutiomarus kept taunting Labienus's camp every day; Labienus secretly gathered cavalry and hid men at night, then sortied all at once and killed him. | 5.58 |
| 53 BC | 키살피나 갈리아 | Expecting greater unrest, Caesar ordered levies in Cisalpine Gaul and asked Pompey to send back the soldiers he had earlier levied as consul. | 6.1 |
| 53 BC | 네르비이 영역 | Before winter ended, he surprised the Nervii with four nearby legions: he seized livestock and captives, devastated their grain, and received surrender and hostages. | 6.3 |
| 53 BC | Paris | When the Senones, Carnutes and Treveri did not attend the spring Gallic council, Caesar moved the council to Lutetia, the town of the Parisii. | 6.3 |
| 53 BC | 메나피이 영역 | Caesar divided his army with Fabius and Crassus, built bridges, and entered the Menapii lands on three fronts, burning houses and seizing cattle and people; when the Menapii surrendered, he left the cavalry under Commius and marched to the Treveri. | 6.6 |
| 53 BC | 트레베리 영역(라비에누스 진영) | Labienus pretended to withdraw, luring the enemy across the river onto unfavorable ground, then turned and crushed them. | 6.8 |
| 53 BC | 라인강 다리(두 번째) | Caesar moved from the Menapii to the Treveri and built a second bridge, slightly upstream of the earlier one, citing the Treveri's support and the need to block Ambiorix's refuge; he led the army across. | 6.9 |
| 53 BC | 갈리아·게르마니아 일반 | Comparative description of the customs of Gaul and Germania: Gaul's two orders, druids and knights; druids are exempt from military service and taxes; their gods and religious customs. | 6.14 |
| 53 BC | 우비이 영역의 라인강 다리 | The Suebi withdrew into the woods and Caesar, worried about the grain, did not advance further: he turned his army back, cut off the far 200 feet of the bridge, and left a garrison with a four-storey tower and 12 cohorts. | 6.29 |
| 53 BC | Arduenna Silva | Caesar sent cavalry ahead under Basilus to catch Ambiorix and set off himself for the Arduenna forest; Basilus let Ambiorix slip away almost under his nose. | 6.29 |
| 53 BC | 아두아투카 | After the Segni and Condrusi pleaded that they were not enemies, Caesar divided his army into three parts and sent all the legions' baggage to Aduatuca. | 6.32 |
| 53 BC | 에부로네스 영역 | A rumor that the Eburones' land was being plundered spread across the Rhine, and the Sugambri crossed with 2,000 cavalry to join the plunder. | 6.35 |
| 53 BC | 아두아투카 | The Sugambri cavalry, hidden by the forest, suddenly reached the rear gate (Decumana) and attacked the camp; the quartermaster's tents could not be got inside, and the raw legion fell into confusion. | 6.37 |
| 53 BC | 에부로네스 영역 | Caesar came back and sent auxiliaries in every direction; villages and buildings were all burned and the grain swept away, so even the survivors were left to starve. | 6.43 |
| 53 BC | Reims | Caesar held a Gallic council at Durocortorum (Reims) to investigate the Senones and Carnutes conspiracy, executed the ringleader Acco as ancestral custom required, placed the legions in winter quarters, and left for Italy. | 6.44 |
| 52 BC | Orléans | The Carnutes gathered at Cenabum on the appointed day and killed the Roman merchants settled there and the grain officer Gaius Fufius Cita, plundering their property; the news spread by shouting and reached the land of the Arverni by early night (early 52 BC, after Clodius's death). | 7.3 |
| 52 BC | Gergovia | Vercingetorix of the Arverni tried to rouse his followers but was driven out of Gergovia by his uncle Gobanitio and other nobles; he gathered the poor, raised an army, and persuaded his people. | 7.4 |
| 52 BC | Narbonne | When Lucterius tried to invade the province toward Narbo, Caesar made Narbo his top priority; he arrived, reassured the restless province, and posted garrisons. | 7.7 |
| 52 BC | Cebenna Mons (Cévennes) | The soldiers crossed the Cebenna mountains (Cévennes), piled with six feet of snow, clearing the snow as they went, and reached the land of the Arverni; the Arverni, thinking the mountains a wall, had let their guard down. | 7.8 |
| 52 BC | Vienne | Caesar left Brutus in charge of the legions and had the cavalry spread widely; then he rushed in secret to Vienne, joined the cavalry he had sent ahead, and ran night and day to the legions. | 7.9 |
| 52 BC | Vellaunodunum | Built a siege line in two days at the Senone town of Vellaunodunum and took it on the third day, receiving 600 weapons and hostages; he left the finishing work to Trebonius. | 7.11 |
| 52 BC | Orléans | Caesar hurried to Cenabum and arrived before the Carnutes knew of the siege; at night he blocked the gates and seized citizens trying to flee, then plundered and burned the city. | 7.11 |
| 52 BC | Noviodunum (Bituriges) | When the Bituriges' town of Noviodunum was besieged, its citizens asked for surrender, but when Vercingetorix's advance cavalry appeared they resisted again; Caesar's cavalry and German horse drove them off. | 7.12 |
| 52 BC | Bourges | After Noviodunum surrendered, Caesar marched on Avaricum, the largest and strongest town of the Bituriges. | 7.13 |
| 52 BC | 비투리게스 영역 | Following Vercingetorix's scorched-earth strategy, more than 20 Bituriges towns burned in one day; at the Bituriges' plea, Avaricum was decided to be defended rather than burned. | 7.15 |
| 52 BC | Bourges | Siege of Avaricum: because of marshes and rivers, siege walls and two towers were built on the narrow approach; despite the lack of supplies and Vercingetorix's raids, the soldiers held on without grain (a rampart 330 feet wide and 80 feet high was built in 25 days). | 7.17 |
| 52 BC | Bourges | Taking advantage of a lax sentry in a storm, Caesar secretly placed soldiers in ambush, and at the signal they seized the walls all at once; Avaricum fell. | 7.27 |
| 52 BC | 아이두이 영역 | After arbitrating a dispute among the Aedui, Caesar split his army: he gave Labienus four legions to send toward the Senones and Parisii, while he marched with six legions along the Allier toward Gergovia. | 7.34 |
| 52 BC | 알리에강 도하점 | Vercingetorix marched along the opposite bank and cut the bridges; Caesar hid part of his legions in the woods, then repaired the broken bridge and crossed. | 7.35 |
| 52 BC | Gergovia | After a five-day march he reached Gergovia; because it was a town on a high mountain, he gave up a storming assault and decided to besiege it after securing supplies. Vercingetorix camped on the mountain. | 7.36 |
| 52 BC | 아이두이 영역 | Convictolitavis and Litaviccus, bribed by the Arverni, plotted to turn the Aedui against Rome; Litaviccus led his army toward Gergovia, but at 30 miles out he falsely incited his men, claiming the Romans had massacred the nobles. | 7.37 |
| 52 BC | Gergovia | From a small camp, Caesar deceived the enemy by making a commotion toward the hill they had left; at a signal he leapt the rampart and took several enemy camps. But legions that did not hear the withdrawal signal pursued and were badly beaten on unfavorable ground, losing about 700 men including 46 centurions. | 7.44–7.51 |
| 52 BC | 노비오두눔(아이두이, 루아르강변) | Aedui leaders Eporedorix and Viridomarus, at Noviodunum on the Loire, plundered the hostages, grain and military treasury that Caesar had entrusted to them and set the town on fire: a full Aedui revolt. | 7.55 |
| 52 BC | Melun | When Labienus was blocked by the marsh in front of Lutetia, he withdrew at midnight, seized Metlosedum, the town on an island in the Seine, with 50 boats, and repaired the bridge. | 7.58 |
| 52 BC | Paris | Labienus led the whole army across the river by dawn and gave the attack signal; the 7th Legion broke the enemy right wing while the 12th held out to the end on the left, though their commander Camulogenus fell. The Parisii alliance was defeated. | 7.62 |
| 52 BC | Bibracte | The Aedui revolt escalated the war; at the all-Gaul council at Bibracte, Vercingetorix was confirmed as supreme commander. | 7.63 |
| 52 BC | 랑고네스 영역→세쿠아니 방면 행군로 | While Caesar marched toward the Sequani, Gallic cavalry attacked him from three directions; Caesar's cavalry also split into three to meet them, and German horse seized one hill, routing the enemy cavalry. | 7.67 |
| 52 BC | Alesia | Defeated in the cavalry battle, Vercingetorix retreated to Alesia, a town of the Mandubii; Caesar left his baggage and pursued, killed about 3,000 of the rearguard, and camped at Alesia the next day. | 7.68 |
| 52 BC | Alesia | Alesia, a town on a high hill, could only be taken by formal siege; Caesar built an 11-mile circumvallation with a 20-foot-deep ditch and 23 forts, and soon also a 14-mile outer line, creating a double siege. | 7.69–7.72 |
| 52 BC | 아이두이 영역 | The Gallic tribes, instead of picked troops, levied a quota of men from each tribe and gathered 8,000 cavalry and about 240,000 infantry, reviewed them in Aedui territory; command was given to Commius and others. | 7.76 |
| 52 BC | Alesia | With food running out, the besiegers of Alesia debated surrender, breakout or compromise; the Arvernian noble Critognatus spoke of his ancestors, urging them to hold out even by eating the weak. Then the people of Mandubii were sent out of the walls, but Caesar would not admit them. | 7.77 |
| 52 BC | Alesia | The relief army reached Alesia and camped a mile away; the next day it filled the plain with cavalry. Caesar placed soldiers on both defensive lines and directed a cavalry battle. | 7.79–7.80 |
| 52 BC | Alesia | A day later, at midnight, the Gauls approached the plain defenses with hooks, ladders and grappling irons and attacked all at once; Vercingetorix sallied out from inside in response, but the Romans held at their assigned positions. | 7.81 |
| 52 BC | Alesia | Having found the weak point of the northern hill camp by reconnaissance, the Gauls sent 60,000 men under Vergasillaunus; Labienus, Brutus, Fabius and others poured in troops, until Caesar himself came and his cavalry struck the enemy's rear, causing a great massacre. | 7.83–7.85 |
| 52 BC | Alesia | Vercingetorix proposed that either he be killed or handed over to atone to Rome; Caesar ordered the weapons and commanders surrendered, and sat before the camp while the Gallic leaders handed Vercingetorix over. | 7.89 |
| 52 BC | Bibracte | Having regained the Aedui and Arverni, taken hostages and released about 20,000 prisoners, he placed his legions in winter quarters and decided to spend the winter himself at Bibracte. | 7.90 |
| 52 BC – 51 BC | Bibracte | (Hirtius) On news that several tribes planned simultaneous revolts in winter, Caesar left Bibracte, joined the 13th and 11th legions and attacked the richest land of the Bituriges. | 8.2 |
| 51 BC | Orléans | As the Carnutes abandoned their towns and scattered, Caesar, avoiding the harsh weather, quartered soldiers in private houses at Cenabum, and sent cavalry and auxiliaries in all directions following the enemy's traces. | 8.5 |
| 51 BC | 벨로바키 영역 | When Caesar camped in the land of the Bellovaci, they gathered an alliance of the Ambiani, Caleti and others under Correus on high ground and faced him; Caesar fortified his camp with a 12-foot rampart, two ditches and towers. | 8.7–8.10 |
| 51 BC | 벨로바키 영역 | Correus set an ambush with 6,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry on the route bringing in supplies; from prisoners' information Caesar saw through it, went out with more legions, and a battle broke out in which Correus fell. | 8.17–8.19 |
| 51 BC | 벨로바키 영역 | The defeated Bellovaci sent envoys surrendering and handing over hostages, but Commius alone fled to the Germans, distrusting them because Labienus had tried to assassinate him. | 8.21–8.23 |
| 51 BC | 암비오릭스 영역·갈리아 각지 | With the most warlike tribe broken, Caesar divided his army: he sent Fabius far away and Labienus to punish the Treveri, while he himself devastated the land of the Eburones with sword, fire and plunder. | 8.24 |
| 51 BC | Poitiers | Caninius, hearing that Duratius at Limonum in the land of the Pictones was besieged by the Andes leader Dumnacus, set out to rescue him; Dumnacus instead tried to attack Caninius's camp. | 8.26 |
| 51 BC | 루아르강 방면 | When Fabius came to rescue Duratius, Dumnacus withdrew to cross the Loire; Fabius's cavalry commander Varus pursued and engaged, and when legions appeared the enemy broke and was slaughtered in great numbers. | 8.27–8.28 |
| 51 BC | Uxellodunum | Drapes of the Senones and Lucterius of the Cadurci took Uxellodunum (Lucterius's former domain) in the land of the Cadurci and resisted; Caninius tightened the siege with three camps. | 8.32 |
| 51 BC | 카르누테스 영역 | Leaving Antonius in the land of the Bellovaci, Caesar personally toured many tribes collecting hostages; the Carnutes handed over Gutuatrus, ringleader of the revolt, and he was executed. | 8.38 |
| 51 BC | Uxellodunum | Caesar arrived at Uxellodunum, saw it already surrounded, and decided to cut off its water supply, since the town had plenty of grain: a river wraps around the mountain and there was a spring nearby. | 8.40 |
| 51 BC | Uxellodunum | Caesar dug a mine and cut the spring's water vein; the spring dried up and the town surrendered, driven by thirst. | 8.43 |
| 51 BC | Uxellodunum | As an example to curb the revolt, Caesar had the hands of those who had taken up arms cut off but spared their lives; the captive Drapes died by starvation. | 8.44 |
| 51 BC | 트레베리 영역 | Labienus won a cavalry battle in the land of the Treveri and captured the Aedui leader Surus and others who had fought to the end. | 8.45 |
| 51 BC | 아퀴타니아 | With all Gaul pacified, Caesar went in person with two legions to Aquitania, which he had never visited; all tribes sent envoys and hostages. | 8.46 |
| 51 BC | Narbonne | After finishing in Aquitania, he returned to Narbo under cavalry escort and left the legions to his lieutenants in winter quarters. | 8.46 |
| 51 BC – 50 BC | Arras | While wintering at Nemetocenna in Belgica, Caesar heard that Commius was blocking roads with cavalry and plundering escorts. | 8.46–8.47 |
| 50 BC | 키살피나 갈리아 자치시·식민시 | Caesar went to Italy and toured the self-governing and colonial towns of Cisalpine Gaul; since it was his first visit since the Gallic war began, each town adorned its gates and roads and held welcoming ceremonies like a triumph. | 8.51 |
| 50 BC | Arras | Caesar hurried back from Cisalpine Gaul to his army at Nemetocenna, summoned all legions to the land of the Treveri for review, and sent Labienus as governor of Cisalpine Gaul. | 8.52 |
| 50 BC | 이탈리아·로마 | The Senate ordered Pompey and Caesar each to surrender legions for the Parthian war, but in effect both were Caesar's; Caesar handed over the legions as ordered and sent the 13th legion in their place. | 8.54 |
| 50 BC | 이탈리아 | Caesar went to Italy and learned that the two legions he had sent had not gone to Parthia but had been handed over to Pompey and remained in Italy; he resolved to accept any outcome as long as there was a way to avoid civil war. | 8.55 |
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